Chapter 1 | Introduction to Concrete and Masonry | 1 |
1.1 | Characteristics and Performance | 2 |
1.2 | Job Site Safety | 4 |
1.3 | Building Codes | 5 |
1.4 | How to Use this Book | 5 |
Chapter 2 | Understanding Concrete | 7 |
2.1 | Basic Properties of Concrete | 8 |
2.1.1 | Properties of Fresh Concrete | 8 |
2.1.2 | Properties of Hardened Concrete | 10 |
2.2 | Concrete Ingredients | 13 |
2.2.1 | Cement | 13 |
2.2.2 | Aggregates | 16 |
2.2.3 | Water | 20 |
2.2.4 | Admixtures | 20 |
2.3 | Concrete Mix Designs | 23 |
2.4 | Formwork and Reinforcement | 25 |
2.4.1 | Formwork Materials | 25 |
2.4.2 | Concrete Reinforcement | 28 |
2.5 | Control, Construction, and Isolation Joints | 29 |
2.5.1 | Control Joints | 30 |
2.5.2 | Construction Joints | 31 |
2.5.3 | Isolation Joints | 31 |
2.6 | Cement Hydration and Concrete Curing | 32 |
Chapter 3 | Concrete Construction Techniques | 37 |
3.1 | Estimating | 37 |
3.1.1 | Estimating Total Concrete Volume | 38 |
3.1.2 | Estimating Individual Ingredients | 38 |
3.2 | Site Preparation | 43 |
3.2.1 | Size and Layout | 43 |
3.2.2 | Excavating or Filling | 44 |
3.3 | Building Formwork | 45 |
3.3.1 | Temporary Formwork | 46 |
3.3.2 | Permanent Formwork | 50 |
3.3.3 | Curved Formwork | 51 |
3.4 | Placing Reinforcement | 53 |
3.4.1 | Placing Steel Reinforcing Bars | 53 |
3.4.2 | Placing Steel Reinforcing Mesh | 54 |
3.5 | Mixing Concrete on Site | 55 |
3.5.1 | Hand Mixing | 58 |
3.5.2 | Machine Mixing | 59 |
3.6 | Pouring Concrete | 61 |
3.7 | Concrete Finishing | 63 |
3.7.1 | Floating, Troweling, and Brooming | 63 |
3.7.2 | Special Finishes | 68 |
3.8 | Curing Concrete | 74 |
3.8.1 | Cold Weather Concreting | 76 |
3.8.2 | Hot Weather Concreting | 78 |
3.9 | Avoiding Common Problems | 80 |
Chapter 4 | Understanding Masonry | 83 |
4.1 | Basic Properties of Masonry | 83 |
4.2 | Brick | 87 |
4.2.1 | Brick Sizes, Shapes, and Colors | 87 |
4.2.2 | Brick Properties | 90 |
4.2.3 | Brick Pavers | 93 |
4.2.4 | Fire Brick | 93 |
4.3 | Concrete Masonry Units | 94 |
4.3.1 | Block Sizes and Shapes | 95 |
4.3.2 | Special-Purpose Blocks | 97 |
4.3.3 | CMU Colors and Finishes | 97 |
4.3.4 | CMU Properties | 100 |
4.3.5 | Concrete Pavers | 101 |
4.3.6 | Coatings for Concrete Masonry | 101 |
4.4 | Cast Stone and Cultured Stone | 103 |
4.5 | Natural Stone | 103 |
4.5.1 | Rubble, Ashlar, and Flagstone | 105 |
4.5.2 | Common Types of Natural Stone | 106 |
4.5.3 | Selecting Stone | 110 |
4.6 | Masonry Mortar and Grout | 110 |
4.6.1 | Mortar and Grout Properties | 111 |
4.6.2 | Gementitious Materials | 114 |
4.6.3 | Aggregates | 117 |
4.6.4 | Mixing Water | 119 |
4.6.5 | Mortar and Grout Admixtures | 119 |
4.6.6 | Mortar and Grout Mixes | 121 |
4.7 | Masonry Accessories | 125 |
4.7.1 | Anchors, Ties, and Fasteners | 125 |
4.7.2 | Reinforcement | 125 |
4.7.3 | Flashing and Weep Holes | 129 |
4.8 | Weather-Resistant Masonry | 130 |
4.8.1 | Limit Moisture Penetration | 130 |
4.8.2 | Prevent Moisture Accumulation | 134 |
Chapter 5 | Masonry Construction Techniques | 135 |
5.1 | Planning and Estimating | 135 |
5.1.1 | Modular Planning | 136 |
5.1.2 | Estimating Materials | 140 |
5.2 | Construction Preparation | 141 |
5.2.1 | Material Delivery, Storage, and Handling | 141 |
5.2.2 | Inspecting Surfaces to Receive Masonry | 145 |
5.2.3 | Layout and Coursing | 145 |
5.2.4 | Masonry Units | 147 |
5.2.5 | Reinforcement, Connectors, and Accessories | 148 |
5.3 | Mixing Mortar | 148 |
5.4 | Unit Masonry Construction | 152 |
5.4.1 | Unit and Mortar Placement | 153 |
5.4.2 | Flashing and Weep Holes | 162 |
5.4.3 | Installing Accessories and Reinforcement | 163 |
5.4.4 | Control and Expansion Joints | 165 |
5.5 | Stone Masonry Construction | 169 |
5.5.1 | Cutting and Shaping Stone | 169 |
5.5.2 | Mortar for Stone Masonry | 170 |
5.5.3 | Setting Stone | 170 |
5.5.4 | Flashing and Weep Holes | 170 |
5.5.5 | Accessories | 171 |
5.6 | Grouting Masonry | 171 |
5.7 | Protections | 173 |
5.7.1 | Bracing | 173 |
5.7.2 | Coverings | 173 |
5.7.3 | Cold Weather | 174 |
5.7.4 | Hot Weather | 175 |
5.7.5 | Moist Curing | 177 |
5.8 | Cleaning Masonry | 178 |
5.8.1 | Construction Precautions | 178 |
5.8.2 | Methods of Cleaning | 178 |
5.8.3 | Cleaning Fresh Mortar Smears | 180 |
5.8.4 | Efflorescence and Calcium Carbonate Stains | 184 |
5.9 | Clear Water Repellents | 184 |
Chapter 6 | Footings, Foundation Walls, Basements and Slabs | 187 |
6.1 | Building Code Requirements | 187 |
6.1.1 | Soil-Bearing Pressures | 188 |
6.1.2 | Frost Depth | 188 |
6.2 | Footings | 188 |
6.2.1 | Concrete Footings | 191 |
6.2.2 | Stepped Footings | 193 |
6.2.3 | Footings Without Forms | 195 |
6.2.4 | Steel Reinforcement | 197 |
6.3 | Foundation Walls and Basements | 199 |
6.3.1 | Foundation Walls | 200 |
6.3.2 | Basement Walls | 210 |
6.3.3 | Formwork | 211 |
6.3.4 | Reinforcement | 212 |
6.3.5 | Basement Slabs | 215 |
6.4 | Slabs-on-Grade | 216 |
6.5 | Drainage and Waterproofing | 218 |
6.5.1 | Water Movement In Soils | 220 |
6.5.2 | Water Vapor Movement In Soils | 223 |
6.5.3 | Surface and Subsurface Drainage | 224 |
6.5.4 | Waterproofing Membranes and Dampproof Coatings | 230 |
6.6 | Vapor Retarders | 236 |
6.7 | Insulation | 238 |
6.8 | Frost-Protected Shallow Foundations | 240 |
6.9 | Ventilation and Radon Protection | 242 |
Chapter 7 | Masonry Veneer | 249 |
7.1 | Veneer Anchorage | 249 |
7.2 | Veneer Support Above Grade | 255 |
7.3 | Lintels and Arches | 255 |
7.4 | Drainage Cavity | 267 |
7.5 | Flashing and Weep Holes | 268 |
7.6 | Expansion and Control Joints | 276 |
Chapter 8 | Paving | 279 |
8.1 | Design Guidelines | 279 |
8.2 | Concrete Paving | 285 |
8.2.1 | Driveways | 288 |
8.2.2 | Sidewalks | 291 |
8.2.3 | Steps | 292 |
8.2.4 | Patios | 298 |
8.3 | Masonry Paving | 299 |
8.3.1 | Brick Paving | 300 |
8.3.2 | Concrete Masonry Paving | 311 |
8.3.3 | Natural Stone Paving | 313 |
Chapter 9 | Masonry Garden Walls | 315 |
9.1 | Footings | 315 |
9.2 | Brick Garden Walls | 316 |
9.3 | Brick Screen Walls | 323 |
9.4 | CMU Garden Walls | 327 |
9.5 | CMU Screen Walls | 336 |
9.6 | Stone Garden Walls | 340 |
9.6.1 | Dry-Stack Stone Wall | 340 |
9.6.2 | Mortared Stone Wall | 342 |
Chapter 10 | Retaining Walls | 345 |
10.1 | Retaining Wall Types | 345 |
10.2 | Reinforced Cantilever Retaining Walls | 347 |
10.2.1 | Footings | 348 |
10.2.2 | Dimensions and Reinforcement | 349 |
10.2.3 | Drainage and Waterproofing | 353 |
10.2.5 | Construction | 357 |
10.3 | Segmental CMU Retaining Walls | 358 |
10.4 | Dry-Stack Stone Gravity Retaining Walls | 363 |
10.5 | Tree Wells | 367 |
| Glossary | 369 |
| Bibliography | 389 |
| Index | 391 |