Master Mind: The Rise & Fall of Fritz Haber, the Nobel Laureate Who Launched the Age of Chemical Warfare
“The dramatic life of a German Jewish scientist caught, of his own will, between the promise of science and the annihilation of war.” —Roald Hoffmann, chemist and writer

FRITZ HABER—a Nobel laureate in chemistry, a friend of Albert Einstein, a German Jew and World War I hero—may be the most important scientist you have never heard of. The Haber-Bosch process, which he invented at the turn of the twentieth century, revolutionized agriculture by converting nitrogen to fertilizer in quantities massive enough to feed the world. The invention has become an essential pillar for life on earth; some two billion people on our planet could not survive without it. Yet this same process supplied the German military with explosives during World War I, and Haber orchestrated Germany’s use of an entirely new weapon—poison gas. Eventually, Haber’s efforts led to Zyklon B, the gas later used to kill millions—including Haber’s own relatives—in Nazi concentration camps.

Master Mind is a thought-provoking biography of this controversial scientist, a modern Faust who personifies the paradox of science, its ability to create and to destroy. It offers a complete chronicle of his tumultuous and ultimately tragic life, from his childhood and rise to prominence in the heady days of the German Empire to his disgrace and exile at the hands of the Nazis; from early decades as the hero who eliminated the threat of starvation to his lingering legacy as a villain whose work led to the demise of millions.

“A fascinating tale of science, history, politics, and antisemitism . . . exceptionally compelling reading.” —Deborah Lipstadt, author of Denying the Holocaust
"1112115860"
Master Mind: The Rise & Fall of Fritz Haber, the Nobel Laureate Who Launched the Age of Chemical Warfare
“The dramatic life of a German Jewish scientist caught, of his own will, between the promise of science and the annihilation of war.” —Roald Hoffmann, chemist and writer

FRITZ HABER—a Nobel laureate in chemistry, a friend of Albert Einstein, a German Jew and World War I hero—may be the most important scientist you have never heard of. The Haber-Bosch process, which he invented at the turn of the twentieth century, revolutionized agriculture by converting nitrogen to fertilizer in quantities massive enough to feed the world. The invention has become an essential pillar for life on earth; some two billion people on our planet could not survive without it. Yet this same process supplied the German military with explosives during World War I, and Haber orchestrated Germany’s use of an entirely new weapon—poison gas. Eventually, Haber’s efforts led to Zyklon B, the gas later used to kill millions—including Haber’s own relatives—in Nazi concentration camps.

Master Mind is a thought-provoking biography of this controversial scientist, a modern Faust who personifies the paradox of science, its ability to create and to destroy. It offers a complete chronicle of his tumultuous and ultimately tragic life, from his childhood and rise to prominence in the heady days of the German Empire to his disgrace and exile at the hands of the Nazis; from early decades as the hero who eliminated the threat of starvation to his lingering legacy as a villain whose work led to the demise of millions.

“A fascinating tale of science, history, politics, and antisemitism . . . exceptionally compelling reading.” —Deborah Lipstadt, author of Denying the Holocaust
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Master Mind: The Rise & Fall of Fritz Haber, the Nobel Laureate Who Launched the Age of Chemical Warfare

Master Mind: The Rise & Fall of Fritz Haber, the Nobel Laureate Who Launched the Age of Chemical Warfare

by Daniel Charles
Master Mind: The Rise & Fall of Fritz Haber, the Nobel Laureate Who Launched the Age of Chemical Warfare

Master Mind: The Rise & Fall of Fritz Haber, the Nobel Laureate Who Launched the Age of Chemical Warfare

by Daniel Charles

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Overview

“The dramatic life of a German Jewish scientist caught, of his own will, between the promise of science and the annihilation of war.” —Roald Hoffmann, chemist and writer

FRITZ HABER—a Nobel laureate in chemistry, a friend of Albert Einstein, a German Jew and World War I hero—may be the most important scientist you have never heard of. The Haber-Bosch process, which he invented at the turn of the twentieth century, revolutionized agriculture by converting nitrogen to fertilizer in quantities massive enough to feed the world. The invention has become an essential pillar for life on earth; some two billion people on our planet could not survive without it. Yet this same process supplied the German military with explosives during World War I, and Haber orchestrated Germany’s use of an entirely new weapon—poison gas. Eventually, Haber’s efforts led to Zyklon B, the gas later used to kill millions—including Haber’s own relatives—in Nazi concentration camps.

Master Mind is a thought-provoking biography of this controversial scientist, a modern Faust who personifies the paradox of science, its ability to create and to destroy. It offers a complete chronicle of his tumultuous and ultimately tragic life, from his childhood and rise to prominence in the heady days of the German Empire to his disgrace and exile at the hands of the Nazis; from early decades as the hero who eliminated the threat of starvation to his lingering legacy as a villain whose work led to the demise of millions.

“A fascinating tale of science, history, politics, and antisemitism . . . exceptionally compelling reading.” —Deborah Lipstadt, author of Denying the Holocaust

Product Details

ISBN-13: 9780061871269
Publisher: HarperCollins
Publication date: 11/21/2023
Sold by: Barnes & Noble
Format: eBook
Pages: 337
Sales rank: 589,537
File size: 589 KB

About the Author

Daniel Charles is the author of Lords of the Harvest: Biotech, Big Money, and the Future of Food and a former technology correspondent for National Public Radio and the New Scientist. He lives in Washington, D.C.

Read an Excerpt

Master Mind

The Rise and Fall of Fritz Haber, the Nobel Laureate Who Launched the Age of Chemical Warfare
By Daniel Charles

HarperCollins Publishers, Inc.

Copyright © 2005 Daniel Charles
All right reserved.

ISBN: 0060562722

Chapter One

Young Fritz

He was a patriot, even more extreme than I was. He was thirteen years older. The influence of time and surroundings can't be denied.
-- Nobel laureate James Franck,
speaking about Fritz Haber in 1958

Raise a bloody curtain on the year 1871. German armies encircle and capture tens of thousands of French soldiers along the border with Belgium. Napoleon III, emperor of France, surrenders. Princes from Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden, and many other German states gather in the court of their enemy, at the palace of Versailles near Paris. They proclaim Prussia's King Wilhelm I emperor of a new German Reich. Germany unites; a popular dream is fulfilled. A fever of exultation sweeps the nation.

A few pessimistic voices -- a tiny minority -- warn of perils to come. Friedrich Nietzsche, still a young professor of classical languages, writes sourly of the "evil and perilous consequences" of wars, especially ones that have ended in victory. He complains about the delusion that German culture and civilization have triumphed, rather than simply its weapons; this delusion, he warns, was likely to lead to "the extirpation of the German spirit for the benefit of the German empire."

In the Prussian city of Breslau, a young boy bravely faces the camera, perhaps for the first time. He appears to be three or four years old. He wears his finest clothes for this portrait, and fine clothes they are. The buttons on his jacket march upward toward his neck; his hair is neatly parted and combed. He stands stiffly, left hand supporting himself on the seat of an elaborately carved chair that's just a bit taller than he is. His right hand holds the barrel of a toy gun.

The boy carries the name Fritz, the most German of names. It recalls "old Fritz," Frederick the Great, Prussian leader of the previous century.

This Fritz, however, does not appear triumphant. He looks sad and a little bit lost. His eyes are anxious. This is a picture of a motherless child.


Fritz Haber was born into a large and tightly knit Jewish clan. His parents, Paula and Siegfried, were cousins. When Paula and Siegfried were young, their families had even lived in the same house for a time, filling it with the noise and chaos of fifteen children.

Fritz was the couple's first child, arriving on December 9, 1868. It was a hard and painful birth, and Paula never recovered. She died three weeks later, on New Year's Eve.

Siegfried, twenty-seven years old and already a successful dye merchant, was devastated. For years, he could barely face the world. He retreated into his expanding business and, according to one family member, "lived from his memories." It's unclear who cared for his infant son; one of Fritz's many aunts may have taken the boy into her home.

It was seven years before Siegfried Haber found love again. He met and married nineteen-year-old Hedwig Hamburger, noted for her beauty and her talent on the piano. Music and laughter entered the Haber house once again. And children: Three daughters -- Else, Helene, and Frieda -- were born within five years.

By all accounts, Hedwig became a loving stepmother to Fritz, and Fritz returned her affection. Siegfried, on the other hand, doted on his daughters; he never found it within himself to fully love or accept the son whose birth had brought so much sadness.

Fritz grew into a talkative, energetic teenager, an enthusiastic student but not a spectacularly gifted one. He soaked up everything available to an upper-middle-class boy in Breslau: theater, an education heavy in classical philosophy and literature at the elite school known as the Gymnasium, and hours of friendly debate and drinking in the city's beer cellars.

At home, he fought with his father. "The two of them were too different," wrote one relative. The father was cautious; the son reckless. Siegfried was a "born pessimist"; Fritz found promise in every new possibility. Siegfried regularly chased guests out the door at ten o'clock by opening windows and remarking that he "liked to air things out before everyone leaves"; Fritz, throughout his life, lost track of time when engaged in conversation. Where Siegfried was "devoid of imagination," Fritz fairly bubbled with fantastic ideas and creatively embroidered tales. Siegfried kept close account of his money; Fritz let it run through his fingers.

One younger relative was moved to wonder what Paula Haber had been like, since Fritz seemed to have inherited nothing of his father's temperament. Another, however, suggested that dour Siegfried, rather than Fritz, was the oddity in the family tree. Several of Siegfried's sisters and brothers had led lives of adventure, settling in far-off places such as Japan and the United States. And all, apart from Siegfried, had been irrepressible talkers, "a characteristic that's been inherited by Fritz Haber and his generation."

While Siegfried Haber acted as patriarch and domestic despot, Fritz became the court jester. Stories of him in this role abound. Once, when his sisters were six, four, and two years old, their mother discovered them lined up in small chairs in their room while Fritz marched back and forth in front of them, speaking loudly but incomprehensibly. Asked what he might possibly be doing, Fritz replied, "I need to acquaint my sisters with the sound of the Greek language!"

Young Fritz developed a knack for composition of rhyming verse, even on the spur of the moment. His teasing doggerel became the centerpiece of the family's annual New Year's Eve celebrations. Fritz composed the verses and taught them to his sisters, who presented them while dressed in costume. "Our childhood and youth were illuminated by our brother's talents, which always came forth at the right moment," recalled Else, the oldest of the sisters. For Siegfried, these were bittersweet occasions, for they also marked the anniversaries of Paula's death ...

Continues...


Excerpted from Master Mind by Daniel Charles Copyright © 2005 by Daniel Charles. Excerpted by permission.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.

Table of Contents

Prefacexi
1Young Fritz1
2Diversions and Conversion13
3Ambition35
4Clara43
5The Enthusiast55
6Fixation73
7Myths and Miracles97
8Empire Calls117
9"The Greatest Period of His Life"141
10Like Fire in the Hands of Children187
11Dispossession217
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