Table of Contents
Foreword 7
Introduction 10
Key Terms 13
The Fallacies
Ad Hominem: Abusive 16
Ad Hominem: Circumstantial 19
Ad Hominem: Guilt by Association 22
Ad Hominem: Tu Quoque 25
Affirming the Consequent 29
Ambiguity 33
Anonymous Authority 38
Appeal to Anger 40
Appeal to Authority 43
Appeal to Celebrity 45
Appeal to Common Belief 47
Appeal to Desperation 50
Appeal to Emotion 53
Appeal to Faith 55
Appeal to Fear 58
Appeal to Heaven 62
Appeal to the Moon 65
Appeal to Nature 67
Appeal to Normality 71
Appeal to Pity 73
Appeal to Possibility 75
Appeal to Ridicule 78
Appeal to Tradition 80
Argument from Ignorance 83
Base Rate 87
Begging the Question 90
Biased Sample 93
Blind Authority 96
Cherry-Picking 99
Circular Reasoning 102
Complex Question 106
Equivocation 108
Fake Precision 111
Fallacy of Composition 115
Fallacy of Division 117
False Analogy 119
False Dilemma 122
Hasty Generalization 125
Just Because 128
Ludic Fallacy 131
Lying With Stats 134
Magical Thinking 136
Moralistic Fallacy 139
Moving the Goalposts 142
Multiple Comparisons Fallacy 146
Naturalistic Fallacy 150
Nirvana Fallacy 154
Non Sequitur 156
Proving Non-Existence 159
Red Herring 162
Reductio ad Absurdum 165
Reductio ad Hitlerum 168
Self-Sealing Argument 171
Shoehorning 173
Slippery Slope 175
Special Pleading 178
Spiritual Fallacy 181
Straw Man Argument 183
Sunk Cost 186
Unfalsifiability 189
Use-Mention Error 192
Index 196
