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9780691083087
Mechanical Design in Organisms / Edition 1 available in Paperback
![Mechanical Design in Organisms / Edition 1](http://img.images-bn.com/static/redesign/srcs/images/grey-box.png?v11.9.4)
Mechanical Design in Organisms / Edition 1
by Stephen A. Wainwright
Stephen A. Wainwright
- ISBN-10:
- 0691083088
- ISBN-13:
- 9780691083087
- Pub. Date:
- 07/21/1982
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- ISBN-10:
- 0691083088
- ISBN-13:
- 9780691083087
- Pub. Date:
- 07/21/1982
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
![Mechanical Design in Organisms / Edition 1](http://img.images-bn.com/static/redesign/srcs/images/grey-box.png?v11.9.4)
Mechanical Design in Organisms / Edition 1
by Stephen A. Wainwright
Stephen A. Wainwright
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Overview
This book deals with an interface between mechanical engineering and biology. Available for the first time in paperback, it reviews biological structural materials and systems and their mechanically important features and demonstrates that function at any particular level of biological integration is permitted and controlled by structure at lower levels of integration.
Five chapters discuss the properties of materials in general and those of biomaterials in particular. The authors examine the design of skeletal elements and discuss animal and plant systems in terms of mechanical design. In a concluding chapter they investigate organisms in their environments and the insights gained from study of the mechanical aspects of their lives.
Five chapters discuss the properties of materials in general and those of biomaterials in particular. The authors examine the design of skeletal elements and discuss animal and plant systems in terms of mechanical design. In a concluding chapter they investigate organisms in their environments and the insights gained from study of the mechanical aspects of their lives.
Product Details
ISBN-13: | 9780691083087 |
---|---|
Publisher: | Princeton University Press |
Publication date: | 07/21/1982 |
Edition description: | New Edition |
Pages: | 423 |
Product dimensions: | 6.00(w) x 9.00(h) x 1.20(d) |
Table of Contents
Preface | v | |
Acknowledgement | vi | |
List of symbols | xii | |
Chapter 1 | Introduction | 1 |
Part I | Materials | 5 |
Chapter 2A | Principles of the strength of materials: Phenomenological description | 6 |
2.1 | Introduction | 6 |
2.2 | Stress and Strain | 7 |
2.3 | Linear Elasticity | 8 |
2.4 | The Elastic Moduli | 9 |
2.5 | Poisson's Ratio | 11 |
2.6 | Elastic Resilience--Stored Energy | 12 |
2.7 | Elastic Stress Concentrations | 15 |
2.8 | Fracture of Linearly Elastic Solids | 18 |
2.9 | Summary of Properties of Linearly Elastic Solids | 22 |
2.10 | Viscosity and Relaxation | 23 |
2.11 | Linear Viscoelasticity | 25 |
2.12 | Creep and Stress Relaxation | 27 |
2.13 | Effect of Temperature | 29 |
2.14 | The Glass Transition | 30 |
2.15 | Dynamic Behaviour | 31 |
2.16 | Viscoelastic Models | 33 |
2.17 | Retardation and Relaxation Spectra | 36 |
2.18 | Fracture of Viscoelastic Materials | 39 |
2.19 | Generalization of the Griffith Theory of Fracture | 41 |
2.20 | Summary of Properties of Viscoelastic Materials | 43 |
Chapter 2B | Principles of the strength of materials: Molecular interpretation | 45 |
2.21 | Introduction | 45 |
2.22 | Thermodynamics of Mechanical Deformation | 45 |
2.23 | Linear Elasticity | 47 |
2.24 | The Structure of Polymers | 50 |
2.25 | Statistics of a Polymer Chain | 51 |
2.26 | Rubber Elasticity | 54 |
2.27 | Molecular Interpretations of Rubbery Polymers | 57 |
2.28 | Molecular Structure and the Master Curve | 60 |
Chapter 3 | Tensile materials | 64 |
3.1 | Introduction to Crystalline Polymers | 64 |
3.1.1 | Factors Affecting Crystallinity in Polymers | 64 |
3.1.2 | The Structure of Polymer Crystals | 67 |
3.1.3 | Mechanical Properties of Crystalline Polymers | 71 |
3.2 | Silk | 73 |
3.2.1 | The Structure of Parallel-[beta] Silks | 73 |
3.2.2 | The Mechanical Properties of Silks | 77 |
3.2.3 | Other Types of Silk | 80 |
3.3 | Collagen | 81 |
3.3.1 | The Structure of Collagen | 82 |
3.3.2 | Mechanical Properties of Collagen Fibres | 88 |
3.4 | Cellulose | 94 |
3.4.1 | The Structure of Cellulose | 95 |
3.4.2 | Mechanical Properties of Cellulose Fibres | 99 |
3.5 | Chitin | 104 |
3.5.1 | The Structure of Chitin | 105 |
3.5.2 | Mechanical Properties of Chitin Fibres | 107 |
Chapter 4 | Pliant materials | 110 |
4.1 | Introduction | 110 |
4.2 | The Protein Rubbers | 110 |
4.2.1 | Resilin | 111 |
4.2.2 | Abductin | 114 |
4.2.3 | Elastin | 116 |
4.3 | The Mucopolysaccharides | 119 |
4.4 | Pliant Composites | 123 |
4.4.1 | Fibre Patterns in Pliant Composites | 124 |
4.4.2 | The Role of the Amorphous Phase | 126 |
4.5 | Mesoglea | 127 |
4.6 | Uterine Cervix | 130 |
4.7 | Skin | 132 |
4.8 | Arterial Wall | 134 |
4.9 | Cartilage | 138 |
4.10 | Mechanical Properties of Cartilage | 141 |
Chapter 5 | Rigid materials | 144 |
5.1 | Introduction | 144 |
5.2 | Limiting Behaviour of Composite Materials | 144 |
5.3 | Elastic Fibres in a Matrix | 147 |
5.4 | Discontinuous Fibres | 149 |
5.5 | Effect of Fibre Orientation | 150 |
5.6 | Compression of Composite Materials | 153 |
5.7 | Fracture of Composite Materials | 154 |
5.8 | Voids | 157 |
5.9 | Structure of Arthropod Cuticle | 159 |
5.10 | Mechanical Properties of Arthropod Cuticle | 164 |
5.11 | Structure of Bone | 169 |
5.12 | Mechanical Properties of Bone | 174 |
5.12.1 | Main Features of Behaviour in Relation to Structure | 175 |
5.12.2 | Anisotropic Behaviour of Bone | 180 |
5.12.3 | Stress Concentrations in Bone | 181 |
5.12.4 | The Effect of Mineralization on Bone | 183 |
5.12.5 | Fatigue in Bone | 184 |
5.12.6 | Adaptive Growth and Reconstruction in Bone | 185 |
5.13 | Keratin | 187 |
5.14 | Gorgonin and Antipathin | 191 |
5.15 | Structure of the Plant Cell Wall | 194 |
5.15.1 | Cell Wall Structure in Nitella | 196 |
5.15.2 | The Tracheid | 196 |
5.16 | Mechanical Properties of Cell Walls | 198 |
5.17 | Structure of Wood | 202 |
5.18 | Mechanical Properties of Wood | 203 |
5.19 | Stony Materials | 207 |
5.19.1 | Porifera | 207 |
5.19.2 | Cnidaria | 210 |
5.19.3 | Mollusca | 211 |
5.19.4 | Brachiopoda | 214 |
5.19.5 | Arthropoda | 216 |
5.19.6 | Echinodermata | 216 |
5.19.7 | Birds' Eggshells | 218 |
5.19.8 | Spicules: Mechanical Considerations | 219 |
5.19.9 | Teeth | 221 |
5.20 | Mechanical Properties of Stony Materials | 224 |
5.20.1 | Grain Size | 225 |
5.20.2 | Porosity | 227 |
5.20.3 | The Function of the Organic Matrix | 229 |
5.20.4 | Stony Skeletons with Many Holes | 233 |
5.21 | Rigid Skeletal Materials: some Final Remarks | 234 |
Part II | Structural Elements and Systems | 241 |
Chapter 6 | Elements of structural systems | 243 |
6.1 | Introduction | 243 |
6.2 | Bending | 244 |
6.3 | Compression and Buckling | 249 |
6.4 | Torsion | 253 |
6.5 | Cross-Sectional Shape | 254 |
6.6 | Shells | 261 |
6.7 | Materials for Minimum Weight | 264 |
6.8 | Principles of Structural Optimization | 268 |
6.9 | The Failure of Elements (and Shells) | 269 |
6.10 | Joints | 275 |
6.10.1 | Degrees of Freedom | 275 |
6.10.2 | Forces and Directions | 277 |
6.10.3 | Flexible Joints | 278 |
6.10.4 | Sliding Joints | 279 |
6.11 | Adaptation of Shape | 280 |
6.12 | Adaptation of Material | 283 |
Chapter 7 | Support in organisms | 287 |
7.1 | Introduction to Rigid and Flexible Systems | 287 |
7.1.1 | The Optimization of Space Frames | 289 |
7.1.2 | Fibre-wound Cylinders as Reinforced Membrane Sytems | 293 |
7.2 | Design Principles for Biological Structural Systems | 297 |
7.3 | Real Organisms: An Overview | 299 |
7.3.1 | Symmetry | 299 |
7.3.2 | Reaction to Force | 299 |
7.4 | Fluid Support Systems in Plants and Animals | 302 |
7.4.1 | High-Pressure Worms | 302 |
7.4.2 | Low-Pressure Worms | 304 |
7.5 | Open, Extensible Cylinders: Sea Anemones | 306 |
7.5.1 | Hydra and Other Polyps | 308 |
7.5.2 | Medusae | 310 |
7.5.3 | Tube Feet | 313 |
7.5.4 | Metamerism | 316 |
7.6 | On Being Surrounded by Air | 318 |
7.6.1 | Wilting Plants | 318 |
7.6.2 | Woody Plants | 320 |
7.6.3 | Reaction Wood | 321 |
7.6.4 | Fibre-reinforced Palm Trees | 324 |
7.7 | The Hydrostatic Onychophora | 325 |
7.8 | Jointed Frameworks of Solid Materials | 327 |
7.8.1 | Running and Burrowing Myriapods | 327 |
7.8.2 | Insects | 332 |
7.9 | Complex Support Systems: Molluscs and Echinoderms | 333 |
7.10 | Squid Locomotion | 334 |
7.11 | Backbones | 337 |
7.12 | Stressed Tissues | 339 |
7.13 | Safety Factors | 340 |
Part III | Ecomechanics | 345 |
Chapter 8 | Ecological mechanics | 347 |
8.1 | Introduction | 347 |
8.2 | The Stressful Environment | 348 |
8.2.1 | Adaptations to Gravity (Mass) | 348 |
8.2.2 | Adaptations to Velocity of Flow (Strength and Rigidity) | 349 |
8.2.3 | Rigid Stony Corals | 349 |
8.2.4 | Compliant and Tensile Grasses, Seaweeds and Spider Webs | 349 |
8.2.5 | Drag Control in Air: Trees | 355 |
8.2.6 | Drag Control in Water: Passive Suspension Feeders | 355 |
8.2.7 | Adaptations to Direction of Flow (Anisotropy) | 358 |
8.2.8 | Adaptations to Duration and Frequency of Flow (Stress Rate and Fatigue) | 364 |
8.2.9 | Meiofauna and the Stormy Interstices | 364 |
8.3 | Active Suspension Feeders | 365 |
8.4 | The Informative Environment | 365 |
8.4.1 | Chemical Information | 365 |
8.4.2 | Thermal Information | 365 |
8.4.3 | Rheological Information | 367 |
8.5 | The Next Few Years | 367 |
References--Author Index | 369 | |
Subject Index | 395 |
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