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9781580530071
Mobile Antenna Systems Handbook 2nd Ed. / Edition 2 available in Hardcover
Mobile Antenna Systems Handbook 2nd Ed. / Edition 2
by K. Fujimoto, J. R. James, Kyohei Fujimoto
K. Fujimoto
- ISBN-10:
- 1580530079
- ISBN-13:
- 9781580530071
- Pub. Date:
- 01/31/2001
- Publisher:
- Artech House, Incorporated
- ISBN-10:
- 1580530079
- ISBN-13:
- 9781580530071
- Pub. Date:
- 01/31/2001
- Publisher:
- Artech House, Incorporated
Mobile Antenna Systems Handbook 2nd Ed. / Edition 2
by K. Fujimoto, J. R. James, Kyohei Fujimoto
K. Fujimoto
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Overview
Since the first edition, the authors prediction that mobile communications would change worldwide communications has come true. This second edition is concerned with antenna design techniques that will improve mobile capacity and flexibility.
Product Details
ISBN-13: | 9781580530071 |
---|---|
Publisher: | Artech House, Incorporated |
Publication date: | 01/31/2001 |
Series: | Antennas and Propagation Library Series |
Edition description: | REV |
Pages: | 732 |
Product dimensions: | 6.00(w) x 9.00(h) x 1.75(d) |
About the Author
Kyohei Fujimoto is an emeritus professor at the University of Tsukuba, Japan. He has been concerned with mobile communications and antennas for mobile systems for more than 30 years. He specializes in small antennas and integrated antennas. He holds B.Eng. and Dr.Eng. in Electrical Engineering from Tokyo Institute of Technology.
J.R. James is an emeritus professor at the Royal Military College of Science, Cranfield University and consultant engineer. His recent research activity includes the analysis and design of high-frequency sensor systems in communication, radar and medicine. He holds a B.Sc. in mathematics, a Ph.D. in electromagnetics and a D.Sc. from London University and is a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering.
Table of Contents
Authorship by Chapter | xiii | |
Preface to the Second Edition | xv | |
Chapter 1 | Importance of Antennas in Mobile Communication Systems and Recent Trends | 1 |
1.1 | Introduction | 1 |
1.2 | Trends | 8 |
1.2.1 | Communications | 11 |
1.2.2 | Increasing Information Flow | 12 |
1.2.3 | Propagation Challenges | 13 |
1.2.4 | Maritime Systems | 15 |
1.2.5 | Aeronautical Systems | 15 |
1.3 | Modern Mobile Antenna Design | 15 |
1.4 | Objectives of This Book | 19 |
References | 20 | |
Chapter 2 | Essential Techniques in Mobile Antenna Systems Design | 23 |
2.1 | Mobile Communication Systems | 23 |
2.1.1 | Technologies in Mobile Communications | 23 |
2.1.2 | Frequencies Used in Mobile Systems | 29 |
2.1.3 | System Design and Antennas | 32 |
2.2 | Fundamentals and Predictive Models in Land Mobile Propagation | 34 |
2.2.1 | Propagation Problems in Land Mobile Communications | 34 |
2.2.2 | Propagation Models and Field Strength | 35 |
2.2.3 | Formula for the Two-Wave Theory on a Flat Ground | 36 |
2.2.4 | Some Established Models | 39 |
2.2.5 | Effect of Manmade Structures | 40 |
2.2.6 | Multipath Fading Model | 42 |
2.2.7 | Maritime and Aeronautical Mobile Systems | 48 |
2.3 | Antenna Design | 49 |
2.3.1 | Requirements for Mobile Antennas | 49 |
2.3.2 | Diversity Techniques | 55 |
2.4 | Antenna Performance Evaluations in Mobile Environments | 62 |
2.4.1 | Theoretical Expression of Antenna Performance in the Mobile Environment | 63 |
2.4.2 | Statistical Distribution Model of Incident Waves | 68 |
2.4.3 | MEG Characteristics of Dipole Antennas | 71 |
2.4.4 | Correlation Characteristics of Polarization Diversity | 79 |
References | 86 | |
Chapter 3 | Advances in Mobile Propagation Prediction Methods | 89 |
3.1 | Introduction | 89 |
3.2 | Macrocells | 89 |
3.2.1 | Definition of Parameters | 91 |
3.2.2 | Empirical Path Loss Models | 92 |
3.2.3 | Physical Models | 99 |
3.2.4 | Comparison of Models | 110 |
3.2.5 | Computerized Planning Tools | 111 |
3.2.6 | Conclusions | 111 |
3.3 | Microcells | 112 |
3.3.1 | Dual-Slope Empirical Models | 113 |
3.3.2 | Physical Models | 114 |
3.3.3 | Non-Line-of-Sight Models | 119 |
3.3.4 | Microcell Propagation Models: Discussion | 125 |
3.3.5 | Microcell Shadowing | 126 |
3.3.6 | Conclusions | 127 |
3.4 | Picocells | 127 |
3.4.1 | Empirical Models of Propagation Within Buildings | 128 |
3.4.2 | Empirical Models of Propagation Into Buildings | 132 |
3.4.3 | Physical Models of Indoor Propagation | 135 |
3.4.4 | Constitutive Parameters for Physical Models | 138 |
3.4.5 | Propagation in Picocells: Discussion | 139 |
3.4.6 | Multipath Effects | 139 |
3.4.7 | Conclusions | 141 |
3.5 | Megacells | 141 |
3.5.1 | Shadowing and Fast Fading | 144 |
3.5.2 | Local Shadowing Effects | 145 |
3.5.3 | Empirical Narrowband Models | 146 |
3.5.4 | Statistical Models | 149 |
3.5.5 | Physical-Statistical Models for Built-Up Areas | 157 |
3.5.6 | Wideband Models | 163 |
3.5.7 | Multisatellite Correlations | 165 |
3.5.8 | Overall Mobile-Satellite Channel Model | 166 |
3.6 | The Future | 168 |
3.6.1 | Intelligent Antennas | 168 |
3.6.2 | Multidimensional Channel Models | 168 |
3.6.3 | High-Resolution Data | 169 |
3.6.4 | Analytical Formulations | 169 |
3.6.5 | Physical-Statistical Channel Modeling | 169 |
3.6.6 | Real-Time Channel Predictions | 170 |
3.6.7 | Overall | 170 |
References | 170 | |
Chapter 4 | Land Mobile Antenna Systems I: Basic Techniques and Applications | 175 |
4.1 | Antennas | 175 |
4.2 | Propagation Problems | 178 |
4.3 | Base Station Antenna Techniques | 179 |
4.3.1 | Antenna System Requirements | 179 |
4.3.2 | Types of Antennas | 183 |
4.3.3 | Design of Shaped-Beam Antennas | 184 |
4.3.4 | Diversity Antenna Systems | 195 |
4.3.5 | Intermodulation Problems in Antennas | 200 |
4.4 | Mobile Station Antenna Techniques | 202 |
References | 204 | |
Chapter 5 | Advances in Base Station Antennas | 207 |
5.1 | Recent Base Station Antennas | 207 |
5.1.1 | Base Station Antennas for Cellular Systems | 208 |
5.1.2 | Antennas for Personal Handy Phone System | 235 |
5.1.3 | Adaptive Array Antenna for Wireless Local Loop | 242 |
5.1.4 | Antennas for N-STAR Systems | 245 |
5.2 | Digital Beamforming Antennas in Mobile Communications | 252 |
5.2.1 | What Do We Mean by "Digital Signal Processing Antennas"? | 252 |
5.2.2 | Basic Configuration of DBF Antennas | 255 |
5.2.3 | Analog-to-Digital Conversion | 257 |
5.2.4 | Element-Space and Beam-Space Beamforming | 261 |
5.2.5 | Adaptive Algorithm | 262 |
5.2.6 | Spatial Signal Processing Antennas | 267 |
5.2.7 | Space-Time Signal Processing | 274 |
5.2.8 | Reconfigurable Adaptive Array: Software Antenna | 286 |
References | 289 | |
Chapter 6 | Land Mobile Antenna Systems II: Pagers, Portable Phones, and Safety | 293 |
6.1 | Practical Requirements of and Constraints on Pager Antenna Design | 293 |
6.1.1 | Effect of the Human Body on Antennas | 295 |
6.1.2 | Aspects of Manufacture | 299 |
6.1.3 | Measurement of Pager Antenna Performance | 300 |
6.1.4 | Pocket Pager Size Constraints | 303 |
6.1.5 | Concluding Remarks | 303 |
6.2 | Pager Types and Performance | 304 |
6.2.1 | Design Considerations | 304 |
6.2.2 | Card-Sized Equipment | 309 |
6.3 | Design Techniques for Portable Phone Antennas | 312 |
6.3.1 | Design Considerations | 312 |
6.3.2 | Antenna Types | 313 |
6.3.3 | Antenna Diversity | 324 |
6.3.4 | Conclusions | 324 |
6.4 | Portable Phone Antenna Systems | 325 |
6.4.1 | System Design Aspects | 325 |
6.4.2 | Handheld Systems | 332 |
6.5 | Safety Aspects of Portable and Mobile Communication Devices | 334 |
6.5.1 | Exposure to RF Energy | 334 |
6.5.2 | Specific Absorbtion Rate of Electromagnetic Energy | 336 |
6.5.3 | Measurement of SAR | 337 |
6.5.4 | Safety Criteria | 343 |
6.5.5 | Exposure from Mobile Radios | 345 |
6.5.6 | Exposure of Portable Radio Operators | 347 |
6.5.7 | SAR Values of Portable Radios | 350 |
6.5.8 | SAR Values of Cellular Phones | 353 |
6.5.9 | Discussion and Conclusions | 355 |
References | 357 | |
Chapter 7 | Antennas and Humans in Personal Communications | 361 |
7.1 | Applications of Modern EM Computational Techniques | 361 |
7.1.1 | Introduction | 361 |
7.1.2 | Definition of Design Parameters for Handset Antennas | 365 |
7.1.3 | Finite-Difference Time-Domain Formulation | 367 |
7.1.4 | Eigenfunction Expansion Method | 369 |
7.1.5 | Results Using EEM | 371 |
7.1.6 | Results Using the FDTD Method | 394 |
7.1.7 | Assessment of Dual-Antenna Handset Diversity Performance | 407 |
7.2 | Design and Practice of Antennas for Handsets | 414 |
7.2.1 | Design Concept | 414 |
7.2.2 | Antennas for GSM | 417 |
7.2.3 | Antennas for PDC | 438 |
7.2.4 | Antennas for PHS | 447 |
7.2.5 | Diversity Performance in PDC Handsets | 452 |
References | 458 | |
Chapter 8 | Land Mobile Antenna Systems III: Cars, Trains, and Intelligent Transportation Systems | 461 |
8.1 | Antenna Systems for Broadcast Reception in Cars | 461 |
8.1.1 | Introduction | 462 |
8.1.2 | Reception for AM and FM | 463 |
8.1.3 | FM Antenna Diversity Systems | 468 |
8.1.4 | FM Multiantenna Systems | 472 |
8.2 | Antenna Systems for TV Reception in Cars | 481 |
8.2.1 | Antennas Printed on the Rear Quarter Windows | 482 |
8.2.2 | A Three-Element Antenna System for AM, FM, and TV Reception | 486 |
8.3 | Antenna Systems for Shinkansen (New Bullet Train) | 491 |
8.3.1 | Introduction | 491 |
8.3.2 | Train Radio Communication Systems | 491 |
8.3.3 | Antenna System | 494 |
8.4 | Intelligent Transportation Systems | 500 |
8.4.1 | General | 500 |
8.4.2 | Antennas for ETC | 501 |
8.4.3 | Vehicle Information and Communication System | 507 |
References | 518 | |
Chapter 9 | Antennas for Mobile Satellite Systems | 521 |
9.1 | Introduction | 521 |
9.2 | System Requirements for Vehicle Antennas | 522 |
9.2.1 | Mechanical Characteristics | 522 |
9.2.2 | Electrical Characteristics | 523 |
9.2.3 | Propagation Problems | 527 |
9.2.4 | Fading Reduction Techniques | 530 |
9.2.5 | Mount Systems | 534 |
9.2.6 | Tracking/Pointing Systems | 537 |
9.3 | Omnidirectional Antennas for Mobile Satellite Communications | 538 |
9.3.1 | Overview | 538 |
9.3.2 | Quadrifilar Helical Antenna | 539 |
9.3.3 | Crossed-Drooping Dipole Antenna | 539 |
9.3.4 | Patch Antenna | 540 |
9.4 | Directional Antennas for Mobile Satellite Communications | 542 |
9.4.1 | Antennas for INMARSAT | 542 |
9.4.2 | Directional Antennas in the PROSAT Program | 552 |
9.4.3 | Directional Antennas in the ETS-V Program | 552 |
9.4.4 | Directional Antennas in the MSAT-X Program | 558 |
9.4.5 | Directional Antennas in the MSAT Program | 566 |
9.5 | Antenna Systems for GPS | 568 |
9.5.1 | General Requirements for GPS Antennas | 568 |
9.5.2 | Quadrifilar Helical Antennas | 570 |
9.5.3 | Microstrip Antennas | 573 |
9.5.4 | Array Antenna for GPS Reception | 575 |
9.6 | Satellite Constellation Systems and Antenna Requirements | 577 |
9.6.1 | Constellation Systems and Demands on Antenna Design | 579 |
9.6.2 | Handset Antennas for Satellite Systems | 585 |
References | 608 | |
Chapter 10 | Antenna Systems for Aeronautical Mobile Communications | 613 |
10.1 | Propagation Problems | 613 |
10.2 | General Requirements and Remarks | 614 |
10.3 | Advanced Circularly Polarized Antennas | 617 |
10.3.1 | Crossed-Dipole Antennas | 618 |
10.3.2 | Crossed-Slot Antennas | 619 |
10.3.3 | Quadrifilar Helical Antennas | 622 |
10.3.4 | Microstrip Patch Antennas | 622 |
References | 630 | |
Appendix | Glossary | 633 |
A.1 | Catalog of Antenna Types | 634 |
A.1.1 | Dipole Derivatives | 634 |
A.1.2 | Loop and Slot Derivatives | 635 |
A.1.3 | Material Loading | 636 |
A.1.4 | Printed Elements | 636 |
A.1.5 | Balun Requirements and Imperfect Ground Planes | 637 |
A.1.6 | Arrays and Diversity Systems | 638 |
A.1.7 | Recent Innovative Concepts | 638 |
A.1.8 | Key to Symbols and Acronyms used in Sections A.2 to A.6 | 653 |
A.2 | Land Mobile Systems | 654 |
A.2.1 | Automobiles | 654 |
A.2.2 | Portable Equipment | 660 |
A.2.3 | Trains | 665 |
A.2.4 | Base Stations | 665 |
A.3 | Maritime Systems | 667 |
A.4 | Aeronautical Systems | 669 |
A.5 | Satellite Systems | 676 |
A.6 | Typical Antenna Types and Their Applications | 678 |
References | 680 | |
Acronyms and Abbreviations | 687 | |
About the Authors | 691 | |
Index | 695 |
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