Table of Contents
Preface xiii
Chapter 1 Native Polymer-based 3D Substitutes in Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering Hua-Jie Wang Ting Cao 1
1 Introduction 1
2 Native Polymer-based Tissue-Engineered Heart Valves 2
2.1 Collagen 5
2.2 Fibrin 5
2.3 Hyaluronic acid 6
2.4 Other native polymers 8
3 Native Polymer-based Tissue-Engineered Blood Vessels 99
3.1 Collagen 10
3.2 Fibrin 11
3.3 Elastin 12
3.4 Silk fibroin 13
3.5 Bacteria cellulose 14
3.6 Other native polymers 15
4 Native Polymer-based Tissue-Engineered Myocardium 16
4.1 In-situ myocardial tissue engineering 16
4.2 In-vitro engineering of myocardium substitutes 19
5 Applications of Composite Materials in Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering 20
6 Summary and Future Directions 22
References 22
Chapter 2 Native Polymer-based 3D Substitutes for Nerve Regeneration Guo-Wu Wang Jin-Ye Wang 35
1 Introduction 35
2 Design of Ideal Nerve Conduits 37
3 The Application of Bioengineered Natural Materials in Nerve Conduits 38
3.1 Extracellular matrix components 38
3.1.1 Bioengineered collagen and its derivatives 39
3.1.1.1 Introduction 39
3.1.1.2 Category and characteristic 40
3.1.2 Bioengineered laminin and its derivatives 41
3.1.2.1 Introduction 41
3.1.2.2 Category and characteristic 42
3.1.3 Bioengineered fibronectin & fibrin and their derivatives 43
3.1.3.1 Introduction 43
3.1.3.2 Category and characteristic 44
3.2 Bioengineered gelatin and its derivatives 48
3.2.1 Introduction 48
3.2.2 Category and characteristic 49
3.3 Bioengineered chitosan and its derivatives 49
3.3.1 Introduction 49
3.3.2 Category and characteristic 52
3.4 Bioengineered silk and its derivatives 55
3.4.1 Introduction 55
3.4.2 Category and characteristic 56
3.5 Bioengineered alginate and its derivatives 58
3.5.1 Introduction 58
3.5.2 Category and characteristic 60
4 Conclusions and Future Perspective 61
References 62
Chapter 3 Native Polymer-Based 3D Substitutes for Cartilage Repair Hutting Xia Tu Liu Ran Tao Chunlei Miao Shengjian Tang Biaobing Tang Guangdong Zhou 75
1 Introduction 75
2 The Theory Basis of Native Polymer-Based 3D Substitutes for Cartilage Repair 77
2.1 Native polymers mimic the molecular composition of cartilage ECM 78
2.1.1 Molecular composition of cartilage ECM 78
2.1.2 Native polymers mimic molecular composition of cartilage ECM 79
2.2 Native polymers mimic the structure of cartilage ECM 81
2.2.1 Structure of cartilage ECM 81
2.2.2 Native polymers mimic the structure of cartilage ECM 82
2.3 Native polymers mimic the function of cartilage ECM 84
2.3.1 Regulation of cell fate by native adhesion ligand 84
2.3.2 Regulation of chondrogenic differentiation and phenotypic maintenance 85
2.3.3 Controlled delivery of biochemical factors 86
2.3.4 Regulation of mechanical properties 87
2.3.5 Integration of neocartilage with host tissues 89
3 The Main Native Polymers for Cartilage Regeneration 91
3.1 Acellular matrix 91
3.1.1 Properties of acellular matrix for cartilage regeneration 92
3.1.2 A cellular matrix scaffolds for cartilage regeneration 93
3.2 Collagen 95
3.2.1 Properties of collagen for cartilage engineering 96
3.2.2 Collagen scaffolds for cartilage regeneration 101
3.3 Chitosan 102
3.3.1 Properties of chitosan for cartilage regneration 103
3.3.2 Chitosan-based scaffolds for cartilage regeneration 105
3.3.2.1 Modification of chitosan 105
3.3.2.2 Combination of chitosan with other materials 107
3.3.2.3 Chitosan nanofibers 107
3.4 Hyaluronic acid 109
3.4.1 Properties of hyaluronic acid for cartilage regeneration 110
3.4.2 Hyaluronic acid-based scaffolds for cartilage regeneration 112
3.5 Other native polymers for cartilage regeneration 114
3.5.1 Silk 114
3.5.2 Fibrin 115
3.5.3 Alginate 117
3.5.4 Agarose 118
4 Cartilage Regeneration and Repair Based on Native Polymers 119
4.1 Cartilage regeneration based on native polymers 119
4.1.1 Collagen 119
4.1.2 Gelatin 120
4.1.3 Fibrin 120
4.1.4 Alginate 121
4.1.5 Remarks and future directions 123
4.2 Cartilage repair based on native polymers 123
4.2.1 Articular cartilage repair based on native polymers 123
4.2.2 Tracheal cartilage repair based on native polymers 125
4.3 Challenges in cartilage repair 127
4.3.1 Tissue integration 127
4.3.2 The scale of cartilage defect repair 127
4.3.3 Defect design in animal models 128
4.4 Future directions in native polymer-based scaffolds and cartilage regeneration 129
References 131
Chapter 4 Native Polymer-based 3D Substitutes for Bone Repair Yan Huang Kerong Dai Xiaoling Zhang 145
1 Introduction 145
2 Proteins 148
2.1 Collagen 148
2.2 Silk 152
2.3 Zein 156
3 Polysaccharides 157
3.1 Chitosan 159
3.2 Hyaluronic acid 161
3.3 Alginate 163
3.4 Starch-based material 164
3.5 Cellulose 166
3.6 Dextran 170
4 Microbial Origin Polyesters 171
Acknowledgments 174
References 174
Chapter 5 Native Polymer-based 3D Substitutes in Plastic Surgery Jing Wang Xiaoling Zhang Qingfeng Li 185
1 Bioengineered Hyaluronic Acid and its Derivatives 187
1.1 Introduction 187
1.2 Category and characteristic 188
2 Bioengineered Collagen and Its Derivatives 190
2.1 Introduction 190
2.2 Category and characteristic 191
3 Bioengineered Poly-L-Lactic Acid (PLLA) 196
4 Clinical Indications 197
4.1 Rhinoplasty 198
4.1.1 Anatomy 198
4.1.2 Clinical usage 199
4.2 Nasolabial fold 200
4.2.1 Anatomy 200
4.2.2 Clinical usage 202
4.3 Glabellar rhytides 203
4.3.1 Anatomy 203
4.3.2 Clinical usage 204
4.4 Lip enhancement 204
4.5 Nasojugal grooves (tear troughs) 206
4.5.1 Anatomy 206
4.5.2 Clinical usage 207
5 Injection Techniques 208
5.1 Tunneling technique 209
5.2 Serial puncture 210
6 Complications 211
7 Summary 213
Reference 213
Chapter 6 Nanofabrication Techniques in Native Polymer-based 3D Substitutes Yangchao Luo Qin Wang 221
1 Introduction 221
2 Electrospinning 222
2.1 Introduction of electrospinning technique 222
2.2 Modifications in electrospinning 223
2.3 Parameters affecting production of electrospin nanofibers 228
2.4 Applications of native polymer-based electrospinning technique 229
2.5 Challenges in electrospinning technique 232
3 Self-assembly 233
3.1 Introduction of self-assembly technique 233
3.2 Parameters affecting production of self-assembly nanostructures 234
3.3 Applications of native polymer-based self-assembly technique 236
3.4 Challenges of self-assembly technique 241
4 Phase Separation 242
4.1 Introduction of phase separation technique 242
4.2 Parameters affecting production of phase separation nanostructures 242
4.3 Applications of native polymer-based phase separation technique 245
4.4 Challenges of phase separation technique 248
5 Nano-Patterning Techniques using Native Polymers 248
6 Concluding Remarks 251
References 251
Chapter 7 Native Polymer-based 3D Substitutes as Alternatives with Slow-Release Functions Dongwei Guo Benson J. Edagwa Xin-Ming Liu 257
1 Introduction 257
2 Proteins 259
2.1 Collagen 260
2.2 Albumin 263
2.3 Gelatin 266
2.4 Zein 269
2.5 Recombinant proteins and peptides 272
2.6 Silk fibroin 274
2.7 Fibrin 276
3 Polysaccharides 278
3.1 Chitosan 279
3.2 Starch 282
3.3 Alginate 285
3.4 Hyaluronan 288
3.5 Chondroitin sulphate 291
4 Conclusion 294
References 295
Conclusions and Future Outlook 307
Index 311
