Natural Rights on the Threshold of the Scottish Enlightenment: The Writings of Gershom Carmichael

by Gershom Carmichael, James Moore (Editor)

Overview

Gershom Carmichael (1672–1729) was the first professor of moral philosophy at the Universityof Glasgow, preceding Hutcheson, Smith, and Reid. His philosophy focused on the natural rights of individuals—the natural right to defend oneself, to own the property on which one has labored, and to services contracted for with others. Although he appealed to the authority of Grotius and Locke, the grounds on which he defended natural rights were distinctively his own. Natural Rights is the first modern edition and translation of his published works.

James Moore is Emeritus Professor of Political Science at Concordia Universityin Montreal.

Michael Silverthorne is Honorary UniversityFellow in the School of Classics at the Universityof Exeter.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780865973206
Publisher:	Liberty Fund, Incorporated
Publication date:	01/11/2002
Series:	Natural Law and Enlightenment Classics
Pages:	430
Product dimensions:	6.00(w) x 9.00(h) x 1.00(d)
Age Range:	18 Years

Table of Contents

Natural Rights on the Threshold of the Scottish Enlightenment . The Writings of Gershom Carmichael, ed. James Moore and Michael Silverthorne (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2002). This book is part of the multi-volume series on Natural Law and Enlightenment Classics, Knud Haakonssen, General Editor.

Table of Contents

Foreword ix

Acknowledgments xvii

I. Natural Rights

From Supplements and Observations upon Samuel Pufendorf ’s On the Duty of Man and Citizen according to the Law of Nature, composed for the Use of Students in the Universities

• Editorial Note 7
• 1. On Moral Philosophy, or the Science of Natural Jurisprudence 9
• 2. On Lasting Happiness and the Divine Law 21
• 3. On Human Action in the Divine Court 30
• 4. Law, Rights, and Justice 39
• 5. On Natural Law 46
• 6. On Duty to God 54
• 7. On Duty to Oneself 59
• 8. On Duty to Others, or Sociability 73
• 9. Natural Rights and Agreements 77
• 10. On the Right of Property 91
• 11. Contracts and Quasi Contracts 106
• 12. Dissolution of Obligations 118
• 13. The State of Nature 124
• 14. On the Rights of Husbands and Wives 128
• 15. On the Rights of Parents and Children 134
• 16. On the Rights of Masters and Servants 138
• 17. On the Origin of Civil Society, or the Original Contract 146
• 18. On the Constitution of Civil Government 157
• 19. On the Limits of Sovereign Power and the Right of Resistance 162
• 20. On Conquest and Patrimonial Kingdoms 175
• 21. On the Rights of Citizens 188
• 22. On the Rights of War and Peace 199
• 23. Appendix: The Rights and Duties of Men and Citizens 211

II. Natural Theology

Synopsis of Natural Theology (Edinburgh, 1729)

• Contents 223
• Preface: Natural Theology and the Foundations of Morals 227
• On the Scope of Natural Theology 233
• 1. On the Existence of God 234
• 2. On the Attributes of God and First, on the Incommunicable Attributes 248
• 3. On the Communicable Attributes of God 257
• 4. On the Divine Operations, or Actions Involving External Objects 270

III. Logic

A Short Introduction to Logic

• Editorial Note 287
• Preface 289
• A Short Introduction to Logic 292
• 1. On Apprehension 293
• 2. On Judgment in General, and on Immediate Judgment in Particular 298
• 3. On Mediate Judgment or Discourse 304
• 4. On Method, and Logical Practice 309

IV. Early Writings: Philosophical Theses

• 1. Philosophical Theses, 1699 325
• 2. Philosophical Theses, 1707 357

V. Gershom Carmichael’s Account of His Teaching Method 379

Bibliography 389

Index 397

Editorial Reviews

". . . this impressive work will be of interest not only to Enlightenment scholars, but also to scholars working in the areas of moral philosophy, the history of political thought, and the history of education and of the Scottish universities."

Eighteenth-Century Scotland



Gershom Carmichael (1672–1729) taught philosophy at the University of Glasgow from 1694 until 1729, first as a regent (tutor), and latterly, from 1727, as the first Professor of Moral Philosophy. He was, without doubt, the ablest Scottish philosopher of his generation; and he established the reputation of his chair, whose subsequent holders in the eighteenth century included Francis Hutcheson, Adam Smith and Thomas Reid. This volume is the first modern edition and translation of his published works, all of which were written to aid his teaching. It is the fruit of an unusually congenial scholarly partnership, which has already contributed a series of articles establishing Carmichael’s importance in the histories of Natural Jurisprudence and of the Scottish Enlightenment. A short foreword by James Moore outlines Carmichael’s biography and approach to teaching, and indicates the context in which his thinking should be understood. The translations themselves are the work of Michael Silverthorne, who has previously published translations of both Hobbes and Pufendorf. Here as there his translations are distinguished for the clarity with which he renders complex arguments without recourse to excessive modernization of idiom. In Silverthorne’s hands, Carmichael is a pleasure to read. The accessibility of the texts is further enhanced by editorial annotation that is equally informative and unintrusive. As the first in what promises to be an important and very valuable series by the Liberty Press devoted to Natural Law and Enlightenment Classics, under the general editorship of Knud Haakonssen, this volume sets a high standard.

John Robertson
St. Hugh’s College, Oxford
Eighteenth-Century Thought
2003

From the Publisher