Organic Pollutants: An Ecotoxicological Perspective, Second Edition / Edition 2 available in Hardcover, Paperback
Organic Pollutants: An Ecotoxicological Perspective, Second Edition / Edition 2
- ISBN-10:
- 0367386402
- ISBN-13:
- 9780367386405
- Pub. Date:
- 09/19/2019
- Publisher:
- Taylor & Francis
- ISBN-10:
- 0367386402
- ISBN-13:
- 9780367386405
- Pub. Date:
- 09/19/2019
- Publisher:
- Taylor & Francis
Organic Pollutants: An Ecotoxicological Perspective, Second Edition / Edition 2
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$82.99Overview
New in the Second Edition:
- Expanded coverage of complex pollution problems and the exploitation of recent scientific and technological developments to investigate them
- New chapters: Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and their Environmental Impacts and Neurotoxicity and Behavioral Effects
- Additional information on biomarker approaches and new technologies, such as microarrays assays, developed to address complex pollution problems
Tried-and-True Format Presents Updated Information
Keeping the same format that made the first edition so popular, the text begins with coverage of the basic principles underpinning the environmental behavior and effects of organic pollutants. It then describes the properties and ecotoxicology of major pollutants, discusses some issues that arise after consideration of the material in the second part of the text, and explores future prospects.
Mechanistic Approach Provides Basis for Development of New Strategies
The book takes a bottom up approach, describing the mechanisms by which pollutants have harmful effects on living organisms and how these effects are translated into adverse changes at the population level. This mechanistic approach supplies the basis for development of new mechanistic biomarker assays, which in turn provide measures of toxic effect and not merely of exposure, and subsequently provide evidence of causality between pollutant levels and ecological changes.
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9780367386405 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | Taylor & Francis |
| Publication date: | 09/19/2019 |
| Edition description: | 2nd ed. |
| Pages: | 432 |
| Product dimensions: | 6.12(w) x 9.19(h) x (d) |
Table of Contents
Preface to First Edition xiii
Preface to Second Edition xv
Acknowledgments in First Edition xvii
Part 1 Basic Principles
Chapter 1 Chemical Warfare 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Plant-Animal Warfare 4
1.2.1 Toxic Compounds Produced by Plants 4
1.2.2 Animal Defense Mechanisms against Toxins Produced by Plants 8
1.3 Toxins Produced by Animals and Microorganisms 10
1.3.1 Toxins Produced by Animals 10
1.3.2 Microbial Toxins 11
1.4 Human-Made Chemical Weapons 13
1.5 Summary 15
Further Reading 15
Chapter 2 Factors Determining the Toxicity of Organic Pollutants to Animals and Plants 17
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Factors That Determine Toxicity and Persistence 19
2.3 Toxicokinetics 21
2.3.1 Uptake and Distribution 21
2.3.2 Metabolism 24
2.3.2.1 General Considerations 24
2.3.2.2 Monooxygenases 26
2.3.2.3 Esterases and Other Hydrolases 36
2.3.2.4 Epoxide Hydrolase (EC 4.2.1.63) 40
2.3.2.5 Reductases 41
2.3.2.6 Conjugases 42
2.3.2.7 Enzyme Induction 48
2.3.3 Storage 50
2.3.4 Excretion 51
2.3.4.1 Excretion by Aquatic Animals 52
2.3.4.2 Excretion by Terrestrial Animals 52
2.4 Toxicodynamics 54
2.5 Selective Toxicity 60
2.6 Potentiation and Synergism 62
2.7 Summary 64
Further Reading 65
Chapter 3 Influence of the Properties of Chemicals on Their Environmental Fate 67
3.1 Properties of Chemicals That Influence Their Fate in the Gross Environment 68
3.2 Models of Environmental Fate 70
3.3 Influence of the Properties of Chemicals on Their Metabolism and Disposition 71
3.4 Summary 72
Further Reading 73
Chapter 4 Distribution and Effects of Chemicals in Communities and Ecosystems 75
4.1 Introduction 75
4.2 Movement of Pollutants along Food Chains 75
4.3 Fate of Pollutants in Soils and Sediments 81
4.4 Effects of Chemicals upon Individuals-the Biomarker Approach 84
4.5 Biomarkers in a Wider Ecological Context 89
4.6 Effects of Chemicals at the Population Level 90
4.6.1 Population Dynamics 90
4.6.2 Population Genetics 93
4.7 Effects of Pollutants upon Communities and Ecosystems-the Natural World and Model Systems 96
4.8 New Approaches to Predicting Ecological Risks Presented by Chemicals 97
4.9 Summary 98
Further Reading 98
Part 2 Major Organic Pollutants
Chapter 5 The Organochlorine Insecticides 101
5.1 Background 101
5.2 DDT [1,1,1,-trichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethane] 102
5.2.1 Chemical Properties 102
5.2.2 Metabolism of DDT 104
5.2.3 Environmental Fate of DDT 105
5.2.4 Toxicity of DDT 109
5.2.5 Ecological Effects of DDT 112
5.2.5.1 Effects on Population Numbers 112
5.2.5.2 Effects on Population Genetics (Gene Frequencies) 115
5.3 The Cyclodiene Insecticides 116
5.3.1 Chemical Properties 116
5.3.2 The Metabolism of Cyclodienes 117
5.3.3 Environmental Fate of Cyclodienes 119
5.3.4 Toxicity of Cyclodienes 122
5.3.5 Ecological Effects of Cyclodienes 124
5.3.5.1 Effects on Population Numbers 124
5.3.5.2 Development of Resistance to Cyclodienes 130
5.4 Hexachlorocyclohexanes 131
5.5 Summary 132
Further Reading 132
Chapter 6 Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polybrominated Biphenyls 133
6.1 Background 133
6.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 134
6.2.1 Chemical Properties 134
6.2.2 Metabolism of PCBs 136
6.2.3 Environmental Fate of PCBs 140
6.2.4 The Toxicity of PCBs 143
6.2.5 Ecological Effects of PCBs 146
6.2.5.1 Physiological and Biochemical Effects in the Field 146
6.2.5.2 Population Effects 146
6.2.5.3 Population Genetics 149
6.3 Polybrominated Biphenyls 149
6.4 Summary 150
Further Reading 150
Chapter 7 Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans 151
7.1 Background 151
7.2 Origins and Chemical Properties 151
7.3 Metabolism 153
7.4 Environmental Fate 153
7.5 Toxicity 154
7.6 Ecological Effects Related to TEQs for 2,3,7,8-TCDD 158
7.7 Summary 160
Further Reading 161
Chapter 8 Organometallic Compounds 163
8.1 Background 163
8.2 Organomercury Compounds 163
8.2.1 Origins and Chemical Properties 163
8.2.2 Metabolism of Organomercury Compounds 165
8.2.3 Environmental Fate of Organomercury 166
8.2.4 Toxicity of Organomercury Compounds 168
8.2.5 Ecological Effects of Organomercury Compounds 170
8.3 Organotin Compounds 172
8.3.1 Chemical Properties 172
8.3.2 Metabolism of Tributyltin 173
8.3.3 Environmental Fate of Tributyltin 173
8.3.4 Toxicity of Tributyltin 174
8.3.5 Ecological Effects of TBT 176
8.4 Organolead Compounds 177
8.5 Organoarsenic Compounds 178
8.6 Summary 179
Further Reading 180
Chapter 9 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 181
9.1 Background 181
9.2 Origins and Chemical Properties 182
9.3 Metabolism 183
9.4 Environmental Fate 185
9.5 Toxicity 187
9.6 Ecological Effects 189
9.7 Summary 191
Further Reading 191
Chapter 10 Organophosphorus and Carbamate Insecticides 193
10.1 Background 193
10.2 Organophosphorus Insecticides 194
10.2.1 Chemical Properties 194
10.2.2 Metabolism 197
10.2.3 Environmental Fate 200
10.2.4 Toxicity 202
10.2.5 Ecological Effects 208
10.2.5.1 Toxic Effects in the Field 208
10.2.5.2 Population Dynamics 209
10.2.5.3 Population Genetics 211
10.3 Carbamate Insecticides 212
10.3.1 Chemical Properties 212
10.3.2 Metabolism 213
10.3.3 Environmental Fate 213
10.3.4 Toxicity 215
10.3.5 Ecological Effects 217
10.4 Summary 218
Further Reading 218
Chapter 11 Anticoagulant Rodenticides 219
11.1 Background 219
11.2 Chemical Properties 219
11.3 Metabolism of Anticoagulant Rodenticides 221
11.4 Environmental Fate 222
11.5 Toxicity 224
11.6 Ecological Effects 226
11.6.1 Poisoning Incidents in the Field 226
11.6.2 Population Genetics 228
11.7 Summary 228
Further Reading 229
Chapter 12 Pyrethroid Insecticides 231
12.1 Background 231
12.2 Chemical Properties 231
12.3 Metabolism of Pyrethroids 232
12.4 Environmental Fate of Pyrethroids 234
12.5 Toxicity of Pyrethroids 236
12.6 Ecological Effects of Pyrethroids 237
12.6.1 Population Dynamics 237
12.6.2 Population Genetics 238
12.7 Summary 238
Further Reading 239
Part 3 Further Issues and Future Prospects
Chapter 13 Dealing with Complex Pollution Problems 243
13.1 Introduction 243
13.2 Measuring the Toxicity of Mixtures 244
13.3 Shared Mechanism of Action-an Integrated Biomarker Approach to Measuring the Toxicity of Mixtures 245
13.4 Toxic Responses That Share Common Pathways of Expression 250
13.5 Bioassays for Toxicity of Mixtures 251
13.6 Potentiation of Toxicity in Mixtures 253
13.7 Summary 254
Further Reading 254
Chapter 14 The Ecotoxicological Effects of Herbicides 257
14.1 Introduction 257
14.2 Some Major Groups of Herbicides and Their Properties 258
14.3 Impact of Herbicides on Agricultural Ecosystems 258
14.4 Movement of Herbicides into Surface Waters and Drinking Water 261
14.5 Summary 263
Further Reading 264
Chapter 15 Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Their Environmental Impacts R. M. Goodhead C. R. Tyler 265
15.1 Introduction 265
15.2 The Emergence of Endocrine Disruption as a Research Theme 266
15.3 Modes of Action of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals 266
15.4 Case Studies of Endocrine Disruption in Wildlife 270
15.4.1 DDT (and Its Metabolites) and Developmental Abnormalities in Birds and Alligators 270
15.4.2 TBT and Imposex in Mollusks 272
15.4.3 Estrogens and Feminization of Fish 273
15.4.4 Atrazine and Abnormalities in Frogs 275
15.4.5 EDCs and Health Effects in Humans 276
15.5 Screening and Testing for EDCs 276
15.6 A Lengthening List of EDCs 278
15.6.1 Natural and Pharmaceutical Estrogens 279
15.6.2 Pesticides 279
15.6.3 PCBs 279
15.6.4 Dioxins 280
15.6.5 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers 280
15.6.6 Bisphenols 281
15.6.7 Alkylphenols 281
15.6.8 Phthalates 282
15.6.9 Natural EDCs 283
15.7 Effects of Mixtures 283
15.8 Windows of Life with Enhanced Sensitivity 284
15.9 Species Susceptibility 286
15.10 Effects of EDCs on Behavior 288
15.11 Lessons Learned from Endocrine Disruption and Their Wider Significance in Ecotoxicology 290
15.12 Summary 292
Further Reading 292
Chapter 16 Neurotoxicity and Behavioral Effects of Environmental Chemicals 293
16.1 Introduction 293
16.2 Neurotoxicity and Behavioral Effects 295
16.3 The Mechanisms of Action of Neurotoxic Compounds 296
16.4 Effects on the Functioning of the Nervous System 302
16.4.1 Effects on the Peripheral Nervous System 302
16.4.2 Effects on the Central Nervous System 305
16.5 Effects at the Level of the Whole Organism 306
16.6 The Causal Chain: Relating Neurotoxic Effects at Different Organizational Levels 308
16.6.1 Chemicals Sharing the Same Principal Mode of Action 308
16.6.2 Effects of Combinations of Chemicals with Differing Modes of Action 310
16.7 Relating Neurotoxicity and Behavioral Effects to Adverse Effects upon Populations 311
16.8 Concluding Remarks 313
16.9 Summary 316
Further Reading 317
Chapter 17 Organic Pollutants: Future Prospects 319
17.1 Introduction 319
17.2 The Adoption of More Ecologically Relevant Practices in Ecotoxicity Testing 321
17.3 The Development of More Sophisticated Methods of Toxicity Testing: Mechanistic Biomarkers 323
17.4 The Design of New Pesticides 324
17.5 Field Studies 326
17.6 Ethical Questions 328
17.7 Summary 328
Further Reading 329
Glossary 331
References 337
Index 377