Table of Contents
Foreword xi
Preface to the 40th Anniversary Edition xxvii
Preface to the 1977 Edition xxix
Abbreviations xxxix
Introduction 1
1 Paul and Judaism in New Testament scholarship 1
2 The holistic comparison of patterns of religion 12
Purpose of the study 18
Difficulties of the comparison 19
Addendum: patterns and trajectories 20
3 Sources 24
Part 1 Palestinian Judaism
I Tannaitic Literature 33
1 The persistence of the view of Rabbinic religion as one of legalistic works-righteousness 33
2 The use of Rabbinic material 59
Pharisees and Rabbis 60
Date and authenticity 63
The eclectic use of Tannaitic material 69
3 The nature of Tannaitic literature 76
Tannaitic literature and Tannaitic religion 81
4 The election and the covenant 84
The theme of gratuity 85
The election and the explanations of it 87
The enduring validity of the covenantal promises 101
God's side of the covenant: commandments and blessings 104
5 Obedience and disobedience; reward and punishment 107
The requirement of obedience 107
The burden of obedience 110
Disobedience as sin and guilt 111
Reward and punishment 117
6 Reward and punishment and the world to come 125
God's justice and retribution in the world to come 125
Weighing fulfilments and transgressions at the judgment 128
7 Salvation by membership in the covenant and atonement 147
All Israelites have a share in the world to come 147
The Sadducees 150
The 'amme ha-'arsis 152
Atonement 157
Summary 180
8 Proper religious behaviour: zakak and tsadaq 183
Zakah 183
Tsadaq 198
9 The Gentiles 206
10 The nature of religious life and experience 212
Studying and doing and the presence of God 217
Prayer and the time of death 223
11 Conclusion 233
II The Dead Sea Scrolls 239
1 Introduction 239
2 The covenant and the covenant people 240
The covenant 240
The members of the covenant and its enemies 242
3 Election and predestination 257
4 The commandments 270
5 Fulfilment and transgression; the nature of sin; reward and punishment 271
The requirement of fulfilment 271
Destruction of the wicked 272
Sin as transgression 272
Punishment for intra-covenantal transgression 284
Reward, the requirement of perfection and man's nothingness 287
6 Atonement 298
7 The righteousness of God and the righteousness of man 305
8 The religious life 312
9 Conclusion 316
Appendix 1 The authorship and Sitz im Leben of the Hodayot 321
Appendix 2 IQS 8.1-9.2 323
Appendix 3 IQS 8.3f 326
Appendix 4 The nothingness of man and Gattungsgeschichte 327
III Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha 329
1 Ben Sirach 329
The election and the covenant 329
The fate of the individual Israelite; reward and punishment 333
Atonement 338
Covenant, commandments, sin and atonement in Ben Sirach and Rabbinic literature 341
The wicked and the righteous 342
2 I Enoch 346
Introduction 346
The Book of Noah 348
I Enoch 12-36 350
I Enoch 83-90 351
I Enoch 91-104 352
I Enoch 1-5; 81; 108; 93.1-10; 91.12-17 359
Summary 361
3 Jubilees 362
The election 362
The commandments 364
Reward and punishment 366
The basis of salvation; the 'true Israel' 367
The Gentiles 374
God's mercy; man's repentance and atonement 375
The righteous 380
Appendix 1 Jubilees and the Essenes 383
Appendix 2 The integrity of Jubilees 386
4 The Psalms of Solomon 387
Introduction 387
The pattern of religion in Ps. Sol. 9 388
The election 389
The commandments; chastisement; reward and punishment 390
God's justice and mercy 392
Repentance and atonement 397
The identification of the righteous and the wicked 398
The righteousness of God 407
5 IV Ezra 409
IV Ezra in recent scholarship: the problem posed by the book 409
The dialogues 413
The visions 416
IV Palestinian Judaism 200 b.c.e.-200 c.e.: Conclusion 419
Covenant and law 419
The common pattern of religion: covenantal nomism 422
Apocalypticism and legalism 423
Sects and parties 425
Judaism in the time of Jesus and Paul 426
Part 2 Paul
V Paul 431
1 Introduction 431
Sources 431
Method of proceeding 433
The question of the centre and the beginning point 434
2 The solution as preceding the problem 442
3 Pauline soteriology 447
The future expectation and its present guarantee 447
One body, one spirit 453
Transfer terminology 463
Salvation of mankind and the world 472
4 The law, the human plight and the relationship of the solutions to it 474
The law; righteousness by faith 475
Man's plight 497
Righteousness and participation 502
The varying definitions of man's plight 508
Addendum: Plight and soteriology in Paul according to S. Lyonnet 511
5 Covenantal nomism in Paul 511
6 Judgment by works and salvation by grace 515
7 Coherence, relevance and sources 518
Appendix: Perspectives on 'God's righteousness' in recent German discussion Manfred T. Branch 523
Conclusion 543
Paul and Palestinian Judaism 543
Paul, Hellenism and Hellenistic Judaism 552
Bibliography and System of References 557
I Text and Translations 557
A Rabbinic Literature 557
1 The Mishnah 557
2 The Tosefra 557
3 The Babylonian Talmud (Talmud Babli) 558
4 The Palestinian Talmud (Talmud Yerushalmi) 558
5 The Mekilta of R. Ishmael 558
6 Sifra (Torat Kohanim) 559
7 Sifre Numbers (Sifre Bemidbar) 560
8 Sifre Deuteronomy (Sifre Debarim) 560
9 Reconstructed Tannaitic Midrashim 560
10 The Fathers According to R. Nathan (Aboth de Rabbi Nathan) 560
11 Later Midrashim 561
B Dead Sea Scrolls 562
C Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha 563
D Bible 564
II Reference Works 564
III General 565
Indices
Index of Passages 583
Index of Names 609
Index of Subjects 617
