Table of Contents
Preface vii
Chapter 1 World Ethylene Production by Steam Cracking 1
North America 2
European Union and Russia 6
Ethylene Production in the Middle East 10
Cracking Operations in the Far East 12
South America 28
Africa 28
Feedstock and Carbon Emissions 29
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Olefin Production 33
Thermodynamics of Thermal Cracking 34
Chemical Kinetics 38
Yield of Ethylene and Propylene from Lighter Feedstock 41
Thermal Cracking of Larger Molecules 43
Reaction Severity 47
Differences between Pyrolysis and Catalytic Cracking 48
Chapter 3 Gaseous Feedstocks-Production and Price 51
Gaseous Feed Stocks from Natural Gas 51
LPG from Other Sources-LPG Quality 63
Prices of Gaseous Feed Stocks 66
Chapter 4 Liquid Feedstock, Production and Price 71
Primary Refinery Operations 71
Naphtha Quality 75
Price of Naphtha and Other Liquid Feed Stocks 78
Chapter 5 Value of Products, Storage and Transport 87
Products 87
Hydrocarbon By-Products 88
Storage of LPG 96
Transport 100
Estimation of Chemical Shipping Costs 102
Chapter 6 Carbon Dioxide Emissions 109
Carbon Geo-Sequestration 109
Removal of Carbon Dioxide from Process Streams 110
Removal of Carbon Dioxide from Flue Gas 115
Strategies for Reducing Carbon Emissions 117
Geo-Sequestration 119
The Cost of Carbon Geo-Sequestration 121
Economic Analysis 123
Chapter 7 Ethane Cracking 125
Feed Requirements and Thermal Efficiency 128
Ethylene Production Costs From Ethane 131
Carbon Emissions from Ethane Cracking 141
Chapter 8 LPG Cracking 145
Basic Chemistry of LPG Cracking 145
Economics of Propane Cracking 147
Economics of Butane Cracking 152
Isobutance Cracking 155
Carbon Dioxide Emissions in LPG Cracking 156
Chapter 9 Liquid Feedstock Cracking 159
Economics of Naphtha Cracking 161
Gas Oil Cracking 171
Carbon Emissions from Naphtha and LSWR Cracking 175
Chapter 10 Other Routes to Olefins from Hydrocarbons 179
Fluid Cat-Cracking (FCC) 179
Catalytic Cracking to Produce Ethylene 185
Catalytic Dehydration of Paraffin to Light Olefins 187
Olefin Metathesis 194
Catalytic Dehydration of Ethanol 195
Carbon Emissions from Propane Dehydrogenation 198
Chapter 11 Routes to Olefins from Coal 201
Coal to Olefins-Current Technology 202
Economics of Olefin Production from Coal and Gas 219
Coal to Acetylene and Olefins 222
Carbon Emissions for Gas and Coal to Olefins 223
Chapter 12 Closing Remarks 225
Production Economics 225
Carbon Emissions 226
Catalyst Issues 228
Appendices 229
A1 Abbreviations and Unit Equivalents 231
A2 Some Useful Conversion Factors for Fuels and Products 233
A3 Cost of Utilities 235
A4 Nelson-Farrar Cost Indices 235
A5 Location Factors 237
A6 Methodology for Economic Analysis 237
A7 Indexed Feedstock Costs 243
Index 247
