Piercing Leviathan: God's Defeat of Evil in the Book of Job
Biblical Foundations Book Awards Finalist

One of the most challenging passages in the Old Testament book of Job comes in the Lord's second speech (40–41). The characters and the reader have waited a long time for the Lord to speak—only to read what is traditionally interpreted as a long description of a hippopotamus and crocodile (Behemoth and Leviathan). The stakes are very high: is God right to run the world in such a way that allows such terrible suffering for one of his most loyal servants? Is Job right to keep trusting God in the midst of much criticism? But it is difficult for modern readers to avoid a sense of frustrating anticlimax as the book ends.

Eric Ortlund argues that Behemoth and Leviathan are better understood as symbols of cosmic chaos and evil—that a supernatural interpretation fits better exegetically within the book of Job and within Job's ancient Middle Eastern context. It also helps modern readers to appreciate the satisfying climax the narrator intended for the book: in describing Behemoth and Leviathan, God is directly engaging with Job's complaint about divine justice, implying to Job that he understands the evil at loose in his creation better than Job does, is in control of it, and will one day destroy it.

In this New Studies in Biblical Theology volume, Ortlund considers different interpretations of the Lord's second speech and their potential exegetical and pastoral weaknesses. He shows how a supernatural interpretation of Behemoth and Leviathan puts modern readers in a position to appreciate the reward of Job's faith (and ours) as we endure in trusting God while living in an unredeemed creation.

Addressing key issues in biblical theology, the works comprising New Studies in Biblical Theology are creative attempts to help Christians better understand their Bibles. The NSBT series is edited by D. A. Carson, aiming to simultaneously instruct and to edify, to interact with current scholarship and to point the way ahead.

1138833778
Piercing Leviathan: God's Defeat of Evil in the Book of Job
Biblical Foundations Book Awards Finalist

One of the most challenging passages in the Old Testament book of Job comes in the Lord's second speech (40–41). The characters and the reader have waited a long time for the Lord to speak—only to read what is traditionally interpreted as a long description of a hippopotamus and crocodile (Behemoth and Leviathan). The stakes are very high: is God right to run the world in such a way that allows such terrible suffering for one of his most loyal servants? Is Job right to keep trusting God in the midst of much criticism? But it is difficult for modern readers to avoid a sense of frustrating anticlimax as the book ends.

Eric Ortlund argues that Behemoth and Leviathan are better understood as symbols of cosmic chaos and evil—that a supernatural interpretation fits better exegetically within the book of Job and within Job's ancient Middle Eastern context. It also helps modern readers to appreciate the satisfying climax the narrator intended for the book: in describing Behemoth and Leviathan, God is directly engaging with Job's complaint about divine justice, implying to Job that he understands the evil at loose in his creation better than Job does, is in control of it, and will one day destroy it.

In this New Studies in Biblical Theology volume, Ortlund considers different interpretations of the Lord's second speech and their potential exegetical and pastoral weaknesses. He shows how a supernatural interpretation of Behemoth and Leviathan puts modern readers in a position to appreciate the reward of Job's faith (and ours) as we endure in trusting God while living in an unredeemed creation.

Addressing key issues in biblical theology, the works comprising New Studies in Biblical Theology are creative attempts to help Christians better understand their Bibles. The NSBT series is edited by D. A. Carson, aiming to simultaneously instruct and to edify, to interact with current scholarship and to point the way ahead.

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Piercing Leviathan: God's Defeat of Evil in the Book of Job

Piercing Leviathan: God's Defeat of Evil in the Book of Job

Piercing Leviathan: God's Defeat of Evil in the Book of Job

Piercing Leviathan: God's Defeat of Evil in the Book of Job

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Overview

Biblical Foundations Book Awards Finalist

One of the most challenging passages in the Old Testament book of Job comes in the Lord's second speech (40–41). The characters and the reader have waited a long time for the Lord to speak—only to read what is traditionally interpreted as a long description of a hippopotamus and crocodile (Behemoth and Leviathan). The stakes are very high: is God right to run the world in such a way that allows such terrible suffering for one of his most loyal servants? Is Job right to keep trusting God in the midst of much criticism? But it is difficult for modern readers to avoid a sense of frustrating anticlimax as the book ends.

Eric Ortlund argues that Behemoth and Leviathan are better understood as symbols of cosmic chaos and evil—that a supernatural interpretation fits better exegetically within the book of Job and within Job's ancient Middle Eastern context. It also helps modern readers to appreciate the satisfying climax the narrator intended for the book: in describing Behemoth and Leviathan, God is directly engaging with Job's complaint about divine justice, implying to Job that he understands the evil at loose in his creation better than Job does, is in control of it, and will one day destroy it.

In this New Studies in Biblical Theology volume, Ortlund considers different interpretations of the Lord's second speech and their potential exegetical and pastoral weaknesses. He shows how a supernatural interpretation of Behemoth and Leviathan puts modern readers in a position to appreciate the reward of Job's faith (and ours) as we endure in trusting God while living in an unredeemed creation.

Addressing key issues in biblical theology, the works comprising New Studies in Biblical Theology are creative attempts to help Christians better understand their Bibles. The NSBT series is edited by D. A. Carson, aiming to simultaneously instruct and to edify, to interact with current scholarship and to point the way ahead.


Product Details

ISBN-13: 9781514003374
Publisher: InterVarsity Press
Publication date: 09/21/2021
Series: New Studies in Biblical Theology , #56
Pages: 224
Sales rank: 483,997
Product dimensions: 5.50(w) x 8.50(h) x 0.70(d)

About the Author

Eric Ortlund (PhD, Edinburgh University) is lecturer in Old Testament studies and biblical Hebrew at Oak Hill College, London. He is the author of commentaries on Esther and Malachi in the forthcoming ESV Bible Expositional Commentary series.


D. A. Carson is research professor of New Testament at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School in Deerfield, Illinois.

Table of Contents

Series preface ix

Author's preface xi

Abbreviations xiii

1 Introduction and statement of the problem 1

The problems of the book of Job 1

A word on myth 6

2 Job's tragedy (chs. 1-2) and the failure of the debate with his friends (chs. 3-37) 11

Job's integrity, the Accuser's question and Job's costly worship (Job 1-2) 11

The debate between Job and his friends: round one (chs. 4-14) 21

Reflections on the first round of the debate (chs. 4-14) 41

Round two of the debate (chs. 15-21) 42

Round three of the debate (chs. 22-27) 50

Wisdom's inaccessibility (ch. 28) and Job's final assertion of innocence (chs. 29-31) 53

Elihu (chs. 32-37) 56

Evaluating the debate between Job and his friends 59

3 Yhwh's first speech and his rule over creation (Job 38:1 -40:5) 61

'Then the Lord answered … and said' (38:1): Yhwh's introduction 61

Yhwh's opening challenge to Job (38:2-3) 64

Who was it that founded the earth? (38:4-7) 67

Rhetorical questions and the issue of tone 68

The 'swaddling' of the raging sea (38:8-11) 71

The moral significance of the sunrise (38:12-15) 73

God's tour through different parts of the cosmos (38:16-38) and the animals inhabiting it (38:39 - 39:30) 75

Human limits, divine goodness and the continuing presence of evil: the significance of Yhwh's first speech to Job 81

A significant rival interpretation of Yhwh's first speech 89

Job's response (40:1-5): Is he satisfied? Is the reader? 99

4 Yhwh's second speech and the defeat of Leviathan (Job 40:6-41:34) 103

'Will you break my justice?' (40:6-8) 103

The preparation of the divine warrior (40:9-14) 107

Behemoth: the 'Superbeast' (40:15-24) 109

Leviathan: the twisting, fleeing serpent (41:1-34) 114

Possible interpretations of Behemoth and Leviathan 119

Evidence for Behemoth and Leviathan as symbols of supernatural chaos and evil 133

The hopeful and comforting implications of Yhwh's second speech 145

The limitations of God's second speech to Job 152

5 Job's restoration and the question of theodicy (ch. 42) 154

'Now my eye sees you': Job's second response (42:1-6) 154

Job's restoration (42:7-17) 165

The book of Job and the question of theodicy 172

The unique contribution of the book of Job to suffering and the problem of evil 179

6 Summary and conclusion 184

Bibliography 187

Index of authors 197

Index of Scripture references 200

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