Plundered Skulls and Stolen Spirits: Inside the Fight to Reclaim Native America's Culture

by Chip Colwell

Overview

Who owns the past and the objects that physically connect us to history? And who has the right to decide this ownership, particularly when the objects are sacred or, in the case of skeletal remains, human? Is it the museums that care for the objects or the communities whose ancestors made them? These questions are at the heart of Plundered Skulls and Stolen Spirits, an unflinching insider account by a leading curator who has spent years learning how to balance these controversial considerations.

Five decades ago, Native American leaders launched a crusade to force museums to return their sacred objects and allow them to rebury their kin. Today, hundreds of tribes use the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act to help them recover their looted heritage from museums across the country. As senior curator of anthropology at the Denver Museum of Nature & Science, Chip Colwell has navigated firsthand the questions of how to weigh the religious freedom of Native Americans against the academic freedom of scientists and whether the emptying of museum shelves elevates human rights or destroys a common heritage. This book offers his personal account of the process of repatriation, following the trail of four objects as they were created, collected, and ultimately returned to their sources: a sculpture that is a living god, the scalp of a massacre victim, a ceremonial blanket, and a skeleton from a tribe considered by some to be extinct. These specific stories reveal a dramatic process that involves not merely obeying the law, but negotiating the blurry lines between identity and morality, spirituality and politics.

Things, like people, have biographies. Repatriation, Colwell argues, is a difficult but vitally important way for museums and tribes to acknowledge that fact—and heal the wounds of the past while creating a respectful approach to caring for these rich artifacts of history.
 

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780226298993
Publisher:	University of Chicago Press
Publication date:	03/08/2017
Pages:	360
Product dimensions:	6.30(w) x 9.00(h) x 1.10(d)

About the Author

Chip Colwell is an archaeologist, former museum curator, and editor-in-chief of SAPIENS, a digital magazine about anthropological thinking and discoveries. He is the author and editor of twelve books, including the award-winning Plundered Skulls and Stolen Spirits: Inside the Fight to Reclaim Native America’s Culture, also published by the University of Chicago Press.
 

Table of Contents

List of Figures vii

Introduction 1

I Resistance: War Gods

1 Only After Night Fall 13

2 Keepers of the Sky 20

3 Magic Relief 26

4 Tribal Resolution 33

5 All Things Will Eat Themselves Up 46

6 This Far Away 55

II Regret: A Scalp from Sand Creek

7 I Have Come to Kill Indians 67

8 The Bones Bill 74

9 We Are Going Back Home 89

10 Indian Trophies 96

11 AC.₃₅B 103

12 A Wound of the Soul 121

III Reluctance: Killer Whale Flotilla Robe

13 Masterless Things 131

14 Chief Shakes 143

15 Johnson v. Chilkat Indian Village 154

16 Last Stand 166

17 The Weight Was Heavy 178

18 Our Culture Is Not Dying 185

IV Respect: Calusa Skulls

19 The Hardest Cases 199

20 Long Since Completely Disappeared 205

21 Unidentifiable 216

22 Their Place of Understanding 225

23 Timeless Limbo 234

24 Before We Just Gave Up 251

Conclusion 263

A Note on the Terms American Indian, Native American, Etc. 271

Acknowledgments 275

Notes 277

Index 333

Editorial Reviews

01/09/2017
Colwell, senior curator of anthropology at the Denver Museum of Nature & Science, explores the fraught project of repatriating Native American sacred objects in this moving and thoughtful work. Drawing on his personal experiences navigating the repatriation process, as well as interviews with tribal leaders, Colwell outlines the historical, legal, and political entanglements surrounding the theft and eventual recovery of sacred items once displayed in American museums. Each of the book’s four sections focuses on artifacts belonging to a different Native people, tracing the respective repatriation journeys of Zuni sculptures that are also living gods, body parts from Cheyenne and Arapaho victims of the Sandy Creek massacre, a ceremonial Tlingit robe, and bones of the Calusa, whose extinction remains debated. With each story, Colwell attends to tensions between museum preservationists and living Native communities, emphasizing that repatriation is not an act, but a complex, emotional process. Along the way, he skillfully interweaves discussion of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, which paved the way for coordinated Native recovery efforts. Colwell’s book raises provocative questions about who owns the past, and is surely an important work for curators—or anyone—interested in America’s treatment of its cultural legacy. (Mar.)

Publishers Weekly

A careful and intelligent chronicle of the battle over Indian artifacts and the study of Indian culture.

Wall Street Journal

"Plundered Skulls and Stolen Spirits is a sobering peek into the controversy that surrounds tribal artifacts and human remains found in museums throughout the United States. His eloquent narration details several unique cases of repatriation. . . . Colwell has a unique perspective. He provides the reader with a firsthand look at the repatriation process, sympathetically including tribal perspectives—something that few museum directors have sought to do when writing on this subject in the past."

Science

“Plundered Skulls and Stolen Spirits uses the story of one museum to show how Native American symbols of identity and ceremony and ancestral bones were initially appropriated as objects of cultural patrimony, but recently have become part of a complicated struggle of ownership. As Colwell profoundly shows, the emotional price paid by everyone involved—Native American, archaeologist, and museum curator—is never small.”
 

Larry J. Zimmerman

"This powerful book will be of particular importance to those working in museum and tribal settings, but is highly appropriate for anyone interested in cultural heritage and the legal efforts to manage claims for Native patrimony. Essential."

Choice

“A careful and intelligent chronicle of the battle over Indian artifacts and the study of Indian culture.

Wall Street Journal

"Colwell ably and sensitively tells the often conflict-ridden story of how and why museums in the US relinquished their hold over this material. . . . Colwell finds himself squarely in the middle of each quandary: a practising anthropologist who works alongside Native Americans every day and is sensitive to their cultural dynamics. Colwell’s account favours the Native American perspective--a sensible approach for a book aimed at scientifically literate readers who may lean the other way. Readers will come away with a deeper appreciation of Native American cultural imperatives and the complexity of the situation."

New Scientist

01/01/2017
During the 1800s, museums and universities amassed collections of cultural artifacts and remains of "exotic peoples," including Native Americans and Native Hawaiians. The federal government acknowledged that the remains of some Native Americans were being violated through the passage of the Antiquities Act of 1906, but the legislation proved largely symbolic. The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990 (NAGPRA) finally gained Native peoples the right to have their sacred objects and remains of ancestors returned to them. Since its passage, NAGPRA has been criticized by some researchers who argue that the law has impaired scientific study by denying access to research materials. Colwell (senior curator of anthropology, Denver Museum of Nature and Science) has been caught in the maelstrom caused by NAGPRA as he had to find a way to protect his museum's collection while also meeting the legal and moral obligations to various Native communities. He demonstrates that the repatriation is not as simple as weighing freedom of religion vs. intellectual freedom, as there are even conflicts among Native groups over who is the rightful recipient of items or remains. VERDICT This work is highly recommended for readers interested in Native American studies or museums.—John R. Burch, Campbellsville Univ. Lib., KY

Library Journal

In this beautifully written meditation on the vexed relationship between museums and Native American communities, Colwell reveals as never before the human dimensions of our recent struggles over repatriation. Important, necessary reading for all those who grapple with the essential question of how best to respect and honor the past.

Karl Jacoby

“Plundered Skulls and Stolen Spirits breaks new ground. Colwell’s dual roles of museum curator and human rights advocate offers a narrative of personal growth and professional practice that couples a humanist’s sensitivities with a historian’s insistence on primary documentary sources. The resulting breath of fresh air contributes mightily to still-controversial conversations about American reburial and repatriation. The message sounds loud and clear: Twenty-first century museums can indeed stand tall in addressing their own complex histories. Why do some still feel obliged to cover up past performance, to lock out qualified researchers from their archives and to sugar-coat their past in the hopes that nobody will notice?”
 

David H. Thomas

"A lightly written, insider's account of the battle over human remains and objects in museums. . . . As this book shows, the fight to reclaim Native America’s culture has been waged, in significant parts, by professionals such as Colwell. His is indeed an insider’s account—just not from the sidelines. He too has been on the battlefield."

Spectator

"Colwell ably and sensitively tells the often conflict-ridden story of how and why museums in the US relinquished their hold over this material. . . . Colwell finds himself squarely in the middle of each quandary: a practising anthropologist who works alongside Native Americans every day and is sensitive to their cultural dynamics. Colwell’s account favours the Native American perspective—a sensible approach for a book aimed at scientifically literate readers who may lean the other way. Readers will come away with a deeper appreciation of Native American cultural imperatives and the complexity of the situation."

New Scientist

"Without ever descending into sensationalistic tones, the author exposes delicate facts about massacres, beliefs, desecrations, and illegal activities, deploying evidence with a measured distance that is difficult to argue against. Native American voices are given plenty of space to support their cases. They emerge as strong and determined and this is what the author wants us to perceive as a way to sensitise the public to the deep ethical implications that these, like many other cases, present us with. . . [Colwell] explicitly make[s] the theme of objects’ agency and personhood the core of [his] most poignant arguments about repatriation, ethics, and conservation."

Transmotion

"Plundered Skulls and Stolen Spirits is a sobering peek into the controversy that surrounds tribal artifacts and human remains found in museums throughout the United States. His eloquent narration details several unique cases of repatriation. . . . Colwell has a unique perspective. He provides the reader with a firsthand look at the repatriation process, sympathetically including tribal perspectives—something that few museum directors have sought to do when writing on this subject in the past."

Science