Table of Contents
Acknowledgments vii
List of figures and tables ix
1 Introduction 1
Introducing the politics of REDD+ and peasant resistance 3
A guide, through the book 9
2 Conceptual, theoretical and methodological underpinning for a political ecology of transnational agrarian conflicts 11
Political ecology 12
Linking social-spatial theory with conservation territories and property relations 13
Conceptualizing power and resistance 21
Key arguments 27
Multi-sited qualitative research 29
3 Rescaling of the governance of forests and land in Indonesia 38
The history of Indonesia's forest and land tenure governance 38
Access to different types of de jure land and forest rights 51
Jambi's contested landscapes: from dispossession and development to conservation 56
De facto land tenure and the "making" of new property in the state forest territory 69
Counter territories and settlement schemes prior to the formation of the Harapan Rainforest project 76
Village-scale peat-swamp conversion and settlement schemes in the surroundings of the Berbak Carbon Initiative 83
Summary and preliminary conclusion 87
4 REDD+, privatization and transnationalization of conservation in Indonesia 96
REDD+ governance and attempts to commodify forest carbon 96
Indonesian REDD+ governance 105
Privatization and transnationalization of conservation: conservation concessions and co-management 114
Summary and preliminary conclusion 128
5 Transnationalized agrarian conflicts in the REDD+ 132
The formation of resistance movements and alternative scales of meaning and regulation 134
Agro-industrial expansion, land concentration and violence at Jambi's oil palm frontier 139
Conservation vs. agrarian reform: conflict between SPI and the Harapan Rainforest 141
The conflict, about Kunangan Jaya I: defending village expansion 148
We are here to stay: the conflicts in Camp Gunung and Tanjung Mandiri 156
Peasants, migrants and the state: conflicts among state apparatuses concerning access to and control of the Berbak Carbon Initiative 158
Summary and preliminary conclusion 164
6 Conclusion: towards a political ecology of transnational agrarian conflicts 169
Elements for a political ecology of transnational agrarian conflict 171
Final remarks: implications for REDD+, uneven development and future directions of research for political ecology 182
References 184
Index 210
