| Introduction | 1 |
1 | Practices of Looking: Images, Power, and Politics | 10 |
| Representation | 12 |
| The myth of photographic truth | 16 |
| Images and ideology | 21 |
| How we negotiate the meaning of images | 25 |
| The value of images | 31 |
| Image icons | 36 |
| Notes | 42 |
| Further Reading | 43 |
2 | Viewers Make Meaning | 45 |
| Producers' intended meanings | 45 |
| Aesthetics and taste | 48 |
| Reading images as ideological subjects | 50 |
| Encoding and decoding | 56 |
| Appropriation and oppositional readings | 58 |
| Re-appropriations and counter-bricolage | 68 |
| Notes | 70 |
| Further Reading | 70 |
3 | Spectatorship, Power, and Knowledge | 72 |
| Psychoanalysis and the image spectator | 72 |
| The gaze | 76 |
| Changing concepts of the gaze | 82 |
| Discourse, the gaze, and the other | 93 |
| Power/knowledge and panopticism | 96 |
| The gaze and the exotic | 100 |
| Notes | 107 |
| Further Reading | 107 |
4 | Reproduction and Visual Technologies | 109 |
| Realism and the history of perspective | 111 |
| Realism and visual technologies | 115 |
| The reproduction of images | 121 |
| Reproduced images as politics | 130 |
| Visual technologies and phenomenology | 134 |
| The digital image | 138 |
| Virtual space and interactive images | 144 |
| Notes | 149 |
| Further Reading | 149 |
5 | The Mass Media and the Public Sphere | 151 |
| Critiques of the mass media | 161 |
| The mass media and democratic potential | 168 |
| Television and the question of sponsorship | 172 |
| Media and the public sphere | 177 |
| New media cultures | 183 |
| Notes | 186 |
| Further Reading | 187 |
6 | Consumer Culture and the Manufacturing of Desire | 189 |
| Consumer society | 191 |
| Commodity culture and commodity fetishism | 198 |
| Addressing the consumer | 203 |
| Images and text | 209 |
| Envy, desire, and glamour | 212 |
| Belonging and difference | 218 |
| Bricolage and counter-bricolage | 222 |
| The brand | 227 |
| Anti-ad practices | 231 |
| Notes | 235 |
| Further Reading | 235 |
7 | Postmodernism and Popular Culture | 237 |
| Modernism | 240 |
| Postmodernism | 251 |
| Reflexivity | 254 |
| The copy, pastiche, and institutional critique | 259 |
| Popular culture: parody and reflexivity | 264 |
| Addressing the postmodern consumer | 270 |
| Notes | 277 |
| Further Reading | 277 |
8 | Scientific Looking, Looking at Science | 279 |
| Images as evidence | 280 |
| Scientific looking | 286 |
| Images in biomedicine: sonograms and fetal personhood | 291 |
| Scientific images as advocacy and politics | 294 |
| Vision and truth | 298 |
| Genetics and the digital body | 300 |
| Popular science | 308 |
| Notes | 313 |
| Further Reading | 313 |
9 | The Global Flow of Visual Culture | 315 |
| Television flow: from the local to the global | 318 |
| The critique of cultural imperialism | 322 |
| Markets of the Third World | 324 |
| Alternative circulations: hybrid and diasporic images | 327 |
| The Internet: global village or multinational corporate marketplace? | 333 |
| The World Wide Web as private and public sphere | 338 |
| The challenge of the Internet to privacy, censorship, and free speech | 342 |
| The place of the visual in the new millennium | 344 |
| Notes | 345 |
| Further Reading | 346 |
| Glossary | 349 |
| Picture Credits | 371 |
| Index | 375 |