Table of Contents
Contributors xi
Preface to the Ninth Edition of the Primer:John P. Bilezikian xxiv
About ASBMR xxv
President’s Preface Michael J. Econs xxvi
About the Companion Website xxvii
Section I Molecular and Cellular Determinants of Bone Structure and Function 1Section Editor Karen Lyons
1 Early Skeletal Morphogenesis in Embryonic Development 3Yingzi Yang
2 Endochondral Ossification 12Courtney M. Karner and Matthew J. Hilton
3 Local and Circulating Osteoprogenitor Cells and Lineages 20Naomi Dirckx and Christa Maes
4 Osteoblasts Function, Development, and Regulation 31Elizabeth W. Bradley, Jennifer J. Westendorf, Andre J. van Wijnen, and Amel Dudakovic
5 Osteocytes 38Lynda F. Bonewald
6 Osteoclast Biology and Bone Resorption 46Hiroshi Takayanagi
7 Signal Transduction Cascades Controlling Osteoblast Differentiation 54David J.J. de Gorter, Gonzalo Sánchez‐Duffhues, and Peter ten Dijke
8 The TGF‐β Superfamily in Bone Formation and Maintenance 60Ce Shi and Yuji Mishina
9 Recent Developments in Understanding the Role of Wnt Signaling in Skeletal Development and Disease 68Zhendong A. Zhong, Nicole J. Ethen, and Bart O. Williams
10 Mechanotransduction in Bone Formation and Maintenance 75Whitney A. Bullock, Lilian I. Plotkin, Alexander G. Robling, and Fredrick M. Pavalko
11 The Composition of Bone 84Adele L. Boskey and Pamela G. Robey
12 Assessment of Bone Mass, Structure, and Quality in Rodents 93Jeffry S. Nyman and Deepak Vashishth
13 Skeletal Healing Cellular and Molecular Determinants 101Alayna E. Loiselle and Michael J. Zuscik
14 Biomechanics of Fracture Healing 108Elise F. Morgan, Amira I. Hussein, and Thomas A. Einhorn
Section II Skeletal Physiology 115Section Editor Ego Seeman
15 Human Fetal and Neonatal Bone Development 117Tao Yang, Monica Grover, Kyu Sang Joeng, and Brendan Lee
16 Skeletal Growth a Major Determinant of Bone’s Structural Diversity in Women and Men 123Ego Seeman
17 Racial Differences in the Acquisition and Age‐related Loss of Bone Strength 131Shane A. Norris, Marcella D. Walker, Kate Ward, Lisa K. Micklesfield, and John M. Pettifor
18 Calcium, Vitamin D, and Other Nutrients During Growth 135Tania Winzenberg and Graeme Jones
19 Mechanical Loading and the Developing Skeleton 141Mark R. Forwood
20 Pregnancy and Lactation 147Christopher S. Kovacs and Henry M. Kronenberg
21 Menopause and Age‐related Bone Loss 155Carlos M. Isales and Ego Seeman
Section III Mineral Homeostasis 163Section Editors David Goltzman and Harald Jüppner
22 Regulation of Calcium Homeostasis 165Line Vautour and David Goltzman
23 Magnesium Homeostasis 173Aliya Aziz Khan, Asiya Sbayi, and Karl Peter Schlingmann
24 Fetal Calcium Metabolism 179Christopher S. Kovacs
25 FGF23 and the Regulation of Phosphorus Metabolism 187Kenneth E. White and Michael J. Econs
26 Gonadal Steroids 194Stavros C. Manolagas and Maria Schuller Almeida
27 Parathyroid Hormone 205Thomas J. Gardella, Robert A. Nissenson, and Harald Jüppner
28 Parathyroid Hormone‐Related Protein 212John J. Wysolmerski and T. John Martin
29 Calcium‐Sensing Receptor 221Geoffrey N. Hendy
30 Vitamin D Production, Metabolism, Action, and Clinical Requirements 230Daniel D. Bikle, John S. Adams, and Sylvia Christakos
Section IV Investigation of Metabolic Bone Diseases 241Section Editors Douglas C. Bauer and Klaus Engelke
31 Techniques of Bone Mass Measurement in Children with Risk Factors for Osteoporosis 243Nicola J. Crabtree and Leanne M. Ward
32 Standard Techniques of Bone Mass Measurement in Adults 252E. Michael Lewiecki, Paul D. Miller, and Nelson B. Watts
33 Advanced Techniques of Bone Mass Measurements and Strength in Adults 260Kyle K. Nishiyama, Enrico Dall’Ara, and Klaus Engelke
34 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Bone 272Sharmila Majumdar
35 Trabecular Bone Score 277Barbara C. Silva and William D. Leslie
36 Reference Point Indentation 287Adolfo Diez‐Perez and Joshua N. Farr
37 Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover in Osteoporosis 293Pawel Szulc, Douglas C. Bauer, and Richard Eastell
38 Scintigraphy and PET in Metabolic Bone Disease 302Lorenzo Nardo, Paola A. Erba, and Benjamin L. Franc
39 Bone Histomorphometry in Clinical Practice 310Robert R. Recker and Carolina Aguiar Moreira
40 Diagnosis and Classification of Vertebral Fracture 319James F. Griffith and Harry K. Genant
41 FRAX Assessment of Fracture Risk 331John A. Kanis, Eugene V. McCloskey, Nicholas C. Harvey, and William D. Leslie
Section V Genetics of Bone 341Section Editor Rajesh V. Thakker
42 Introduction to Genetics 343Paul J. Newey, Michael P. Whyte, and Rajesh V. Thakker
43 Animal Models Genetic Manipulation 351Karen Lyons
44 Animal Models Allelic Determinants for Bone Mineral Density 359J. H. Duncan Bassett, Graham R. Williams, and Robert D. Blank
45 Transcriptional Profiling for Genetic Assessment 367Aimy Sebastian and Gabriela G. Loots
46 Approaches to Genetic Testing 373Christina Jacobsen, Yiping Shen, and Ingrid A. Holm
47 Human Genome‐Wide Association Studies 378Douglas P. Kiel, Emma L. Duncan, and Fernando Rivadeneira
48 Translational Genetics of Osteoporosis From Population Association to Individualized Assessment 385Bich Tran, Jacqueline R. Center, and Tuan V. Nguyen
Section VI Osteoporosis 393Section Editors Paul D. Miller, Socrates E. Papapoulos, and Michael R. McClung
49 Osteoporosis an Overview 395Michael R. McClung, Paul D. Miller, and Socrates E. Papapoulos
50 The Epidemiology of Osteoporotic Fractures 398Nicholas C. Harvey, Elizabeth M. Curtis, Elaine M. Dennison, and Cyrus Cooper
51 Fracture Liaison Service 405Piet Geusens, John A. Eisman, Andrea Singer, and Joop van den Bergh
52 Sex Steroids and the Pathogenesis of Osteoporosis 412Matthew T. Drake and Sundeep Khosla
53 Juvenile Osteoporosis 419Francis H. Glorieux and Craig Munns
54 Transplantation Osteoporosis 424Peter R. Ebeling
55 Premenopausal Osteoporosis 436Adi Cohen and Elizabeth Shane
56 Osteoporosis in Men 443Eric S. Orwoll and Robert A. Adler
57 Bone Stress Injuries 450Stuart J. Warden and David B. Burr
58 Inflammation‐Induced Bone Loss in the Rheumatic Diseases 459 Ellen M. Gravallese and Steven R. Goldring
59 Glucocorticoid‐Induced Osteoporosis 467Kenneth Saag and Robert A. Adler
60 Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Bone 474Michael T. Yin and Todd T. Brown
61 Effects on the Skeleton from Medications Used to Treat Nonskeletal Disorders 482Nelson B. Watts
62 Diabetes and Fracture Risk 487Serge Ferrari, Nicola Napoli, and Ann Schwartz
63 Obesity and Skeletal Health 492Juliet Compston
64 Sarcopenia and Osteoporosis 498Gustavo Duque and Neil Binkley
65 Management of Osteoporosis in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease 505Paul D. Miller
66 Other Secondary Causes of Osteoporosis 510Neveen A. T. Hamdy and Natasha M. Appelman‐Dijkstra
67 Exercise for Osteoporotic Fracture Prevention and Management 517Robin M. Daly and Lora Giangregorio
68 Prevention of Falls 526Heike A. Bischoff‐Ferrari
69 Nutritional Support for Osteoporosis 534Connie M. Weaver, Bess Dawson‐Hughes, Rene Rizzoli, and Robert P. Heaney
70 Estrogens, Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators, and Tissue‐Selective Estrogen Complex 541Tobias J. de Villiers
71 Bisphosphonates for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis 545Andrea Giusti and Socrates E. Papapoulos
72 Denosumab 553Aline Granja Costa, E. Michael Lewiecki, and John P. Bilezikian
73 Parathyroid Hormone and Abaloparatide Treatment for Osteoporosis 559Felicia Cosman and Susan L. Greenspan
74 Combination Anabolic and Antiresorptive Therapy for Osteoporosis 567Joy N. Tsai and Benjamin Z. Leder
75 Strontium Ranelate and Calcitonin 573Leonardo Bandeira and E. Michael Lewiecki
76 Adverse Effects of Drugs for Osteoporosis 579Bo Abrahamsen and Daniel Prieto‐Alhambra
77 Orthopedic Principles of Fracture Management 588Manoj Ramachandran and David G. Little
78 Adherence to Osteoporosis Therapies 593Stuart L. Silverman and Deborah T. Gold
79 Cost‐Effectiveness of Osteoporosis Treatment 597Anna N.A. Tosteson
80 Future Therapies 603Michael R. McClung
Section VII Metabolic Bone Diseases 611Section Editors Suzanne M. Jan de Beur and Peter R. Ebeling
81 Approach to Parathyroid Disorders 613John P. Bilezikian
82 Primary Hyperparathyroidism 619Shonni J. Silverberg, Francisco Bandeira, Jianmin Liu, Claudio Marcocci, and Marcella D. Walker
83 Familial States of Primary Hyperparathyroidism 629Andrew Arnold, Sunita K. Agarwal, and Rajesh V. Thakker
84 Non‐Parathyroid Hypercalcemia 639Mara J. Horwitz
85 Hypocalcemia Definition, Etiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management 646Anne L. Schafer and Dolores M. Shoback
86 Hypoparathyroidism 654Tamara Vokes, Mishaela R. Rubin, Karen K. Winer, Michael Mannstadt, Natalie E. Cusano, Harald Jüppner, and John P. Bilezikian
87 Pseudohypoparathyroidism 661Agnès Linglart, Michael A. Levine, and Harald Jüppner
88 Disorders of Phosphate Homeostasis 674Mary D. Ruppe and Suzanne M. Jan de Beur
89 Rickets and Osteomalacia 684Michaël R. Laurent, Nathalie Bravenboer, Natasja M. Van Schoor, Roger Bouillon, John M. Pettifor, and Paul Lips
90 Pathophysiology and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease–Mineral and Bone Disorder 695Mark R. Hanudel, Sharon M. Moe, and Isidro B. Salusky
91 Disorders of Mineral Metabolism in Childhood 705Thomas O. Carpenter and Nina S. Ma
92 Paget Disease of Bone 713Julia F. Charles, Ethel S. Siris, and G. David Roodman
93 Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Nephrolithiasis 721Murray J. Favus and David A. Bushinsky
94 Immobilization and Burns Other Conditions Associated with Osteoporosis 730William A. Bauman, Christopher Cardozo, and Gordon L. Klein
Section VIII Cancer and Bone 737Section Editors Theresa Guise and G. David Roodman
95 Mechanisms of Osteolytic and Osteoblastic Skeletal Lesions 739G. David Roodman and Theresa Guise
96 Clinical and Preclinical Imaging in Osseous Metastatic Disease 743Siyang Leng and Suzanne Lentzsch
97 Metastatic Tumors and Bone 752Julie A. Sterling and Rachelle W. Johnson
98 Myeloma Bone Disease and Other Hematological Malignancies 760Claire M. Edwards and Rebecca Silbermann
99 Osteogenic Osteosarcoma 768Yangjin Bae, Huan‐Chang Zeng, Linchao Lu, Lisa L. Wang, and Brendan Lee
100 Skeletal Complications of Breast and Prostate Cancer Therapies 775Catherine Van Poznak and Pamela Taxel
101 Bone Cancer and Pain 781Denis Clohisy and Lauren M. MacCormick
102 Radiotherapy‐Induced Osteoporosis 788Laura E. Wright
103 Skeletal Complications of Childhood Cancer 793Manasa Mantravadi and Linda A. DiMeglio
104 Medical Prevention and Treatment of Bone Metastases 799Catherine Handforth, Stella D’Oronzo, and Janet Brown
105 Radiotherapy of Skeletal Metastases 809Srinivas Raman, K. Liang Zeng, Oliver Sartor, Edward Chow, and Øyvind S. Bruland
106 Concepts and Surgical Treatment of Metastatic Bone Disease 816Kristy Weber and Scott L. Kominsky
Section IX Sclerosing and Dysplastic Bone Diseases 823Section Editor Michael P. Whyte
107 Sclerosing Bone Disorders 825Michael P. Whyte
108 Fibrous Dysplasia 839Michael T. Collins, Alison M. Boyce, and Mara Riminucci
109 The Osteochondrodysplasias 848Fabiana Csukasi and Deborah Krakow
110 Ischemic and Infiltrative Disorders of Bone 853Michael P. Whyte
111 Tumoral Calcinosis – Dermatomyositis 861Nicholas J. Shaw
112 Genetic Disorders of Heterotopic Ossification: Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva and Progressive OsseousHeteroplasia 865Frederick S. Kaplan, Robert J. Pignolo, Mona Al Mukaddam, and Eileen M. Shore
113 Osteogenesis Imperfecta 871Joan C. Marini
114 Fibrillinopathies Skeletal Manifestations of Marfan Syndrome and Marfan‐Related Conditions 878Gary S. Gottesman and Michael P. Whyte
115 Hypophosphatasia and Other Enzyme Deficiencies Affecting the Skeleton 886Michael P. Whyte
Section X Oral and Maxillofacial Biology and Pathology 891Section Editor Laurie McCauley
116 Craniofacial Morphogenesis 893Erin Ealba Bumann and Vesa Kaartinen
117 Development and Structure of Teeth and Periodontal Teeth 901Petros Papagerakis and Thimios Mitsiadis
118 Genetic Craniofacial Disorders Affecting the Dentition 911Yong‐Hee Patricia Chun, Paul H. Krebsbach, and James P. Simmer
119 Pathology of the Hard Tissues of the Jaws 918Paul C. Edwards
120 Osteonecrosis of the Jaw 927Sotirios Tetradis, Laurie McCauley, and Tara Aghaloo
121 Alveolar Bone Homeostasis in Health and Disease 933Chad M. Novince and Keith L. Kirkwood
122 Oral Manifestations of Metabolic Bone Diseases 941Erica L. Scheller, Charles Hildebolt, and Roberto Civitelli
123 Dental Implants and Osseous Healing in the Oral Cavity 949Takashi Matsuura and Junro Yamashita
Section XI Integrative Physiology of the Skeleton 957Section Editors Mone Zaidi and Clifford J. Rosen
124 Integrative Physiology of the Skeleton 959Clifford J. Rosen and Mone Zaidi
125 The Hematopoietic Niche and Bone 966Stavroula Kousteni, Benjamin J. Frisch, Marta Galan‐Diez, and Laura M. Calvi
126 Adipocytes and Bone 974Clarissa S. Craft, Natalie K. Wee, and Erica L. Scheller
127 The Vasculature and Bone 983Marie Hélène Lafage‐Prouvést and Bernard Roche
128 Immunobiology and Bone 992Roberto Pacifici and M. Neale Weitzmann
129 Cellular Bioenergetics of Bone 1004Wen‐Chih Lee and Fanxin Long
130 Endocrine Bioenergetics of Bone 1012Patricia F. Ducy and Gerard Karsenty
131 Central Neuronal Control of Bone Remodeling 1020Hiroki Ochi, Paul Baldock, and Shu Takeda
132 Peripheral Neuronal Control of Bone Remodeling 1028Katherine J. Motyl and Mary F. Barbe
133 The Pituitary–Bone Axis in Health and Disease 1037Mone Zaidi, Tony Yuen, Wahid Abu‐Amer, Peng Liu, Terry F. Davies, Maria I. New, Harry C. Blair, Alberta Zallone, Clifford J. Rosen, and Li Sun
134 Neuropsychiatric Disorders and the Skeleton 1047Madhusmita Misra and Anne Klibanski
135 Interactions Between Muscle and Bone 1055Marco Brotto
Index 1063