Principles of Neural Science, Sixth Edition

by Steven A. Siegelbaum, Sarah H. Mack, Eric R. Kandel, John D. Koester

Overview

The gold standard of neuroscience texts―updated with hundreds of brand-new images and fully revised content in every chapter

Doody's Core Titles for 2023!

For more than 40 years, Principles of Neural Science has helped readers understand the link between the human brain and behavior. As the renowned text has shown, all behavior is an expression of neural activity and the future of both clinical neurology and psychiatry is dependent on the progress of neural science. Fully updated, this sixth edition of the landmark reference reflects the latest research, clinical perspectives, and advances in the field. It offers an unparalleled perspective on the the current state and future of neural science.
This new edition features:

• Unmatched coverage of how the nerves, brain, and mind function
• NEW chapters on:
  - The Computational Bases of Neural Circuits that Mediate Behavior
  - Brain-Machine Interfaces
  - Decision-Making and Consciousness
• NEW section on the neuroscientific principles underlying the disorders of the nervous system
• Expanded coverage of the different forms of human memory
• Highly detailed chapters on stroke, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis
• 2,200 images, including 300 new color illustrations, diagrams, radiology studies, and PET scans

Principles of Neural Science, Sixth Edition benefits from a cohesive organization, beginning with an insightful overview of the interrelationships between the brain, nervous system, genes, and behavior.

The text is divided into nine sections:

Part I: Overall Perspective provides an overview of the broad themes of neural science, including the basic anatomical organization of the nervous system and the genetic bases of nervous system function and behavior.

Part II: Cell and Molecular Biology of Cells of the Nervous System examines the basic properties of nerve cells, including the generation and conduction of propagated signaling.

Part III: Synaptic Transmission focuses on the electrophysiological and molecular mechanism of synaptic transmission with chapters on neuronal excitability, neurotransmitters, and transmitter release.

Part IV: Perception discusses the various aspects of sensory perception, including how information from the primary organs of sensation is transmitted to and processed by the central nervous system.

Part V: Movement considers the neural mechanisms underlying movement and examines a new treatment that addresses how the basal ganglia regulate the selection of motor actions and instantiate reinforcement learning.

Part VI: The Biology of Emotion, Motivation and Homeostasis examines the neural mechanisms by which subcortical areas mediate homeostatic control mechanisms, emotions, and motivation.

Part VII: Development and the Emergence of Behavior looks at the nervous system from early embryonic differentiation to the formation and elimination of synapses.

Part VIII: Learning, Memory, Language and Cognition expands on the previous section, examining the cellular mechanisms of implicit and explicit memory storage, as well as decision-making and consciousness.

Part IX: explores the neural mechanisms underlying diseases and disorders of the nervous system, including autism spectrum disorder, epilepsy, schizophrenia, and anxiety.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781259642234
Publisher:	McGraw Hill LLC
Publication date:	03/29/2021
Edition description:	6th ed.
Pages:	1696
Sales rank:	116,054
Product dimensions:	8.70(w) x 11.10(h) x 2.90(d)

About the Author

Eric R. Kandel, MD, is University Professor and Kavli Professor of Brain Science, and Codirector of Columbia University’s Zuckerman Institute; and Senior Investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. He is the recipient of the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on the physiological basis of memory storage in neurons.

Steven A. Siegelbaum, PhD, is Gerald D. Fischbach, M.D. Professor of Neuroscience; Professor of Pharmacology; Chair of the Department of Neuroscience; and Principle Investigator at Columbia University’s Zuckerman Institute.

Sarah H. Mack (deceased) was a gifted artist with a deep understanding and appreciation of neuroscience. Co-editor of Principles of Neural Science, Sixth Edition, she directed the art program for the book for more than thirty years.

John Koester, PhD, is Professor Emeritus of Clinical Neuroscience and Psychiatry at Columbia University.

Read an Excerpt

Chapter 1: The Brain and Behavior

The Last Frontier Of The biological sciences-their ultimate challenge-is to understand the biological basis of consciousness and the mental processes by which we perceive, act, learn, and remember. In the last two decades a remarkable unity has emerged within biology The ability to sequence genes and infer the amino acid sequences from the proteins they encode has revealed unanticipated similarities between proteins in the nervous system and those encountered elsewhere in the body. As a result, it has become possible to establish a general plan for the function of cells, a plan that provides a common conceptual framework for all of cell biology, including cellular neurobiology. The next and even more challenging step in this unifying process within biology, which we outline in this book, will be the unification of the study of behaviorthe science of the mind-and neural science, the science of the brain. This last step will allow us to achieve a unified scientific approach to the study of behavior.

Such a comprehensive approach depends on the view that all behavior is the result of brain function. What we commonly call the mind is a set of operations carried out by the brain. The actions of the brain underlie not only relatively simple motor behaviors such as walking or eating, but all the complex cognitive actions that we believe are quintessentially human, such as thinking, speaking, and creating works of art. As a corollary, all the behavioral disorders that characterize psychiatric illness-disorders of affect (feeling) and cognition (thought)-are disturbances of brain function.

The task of neural science is to explain behavior in termsof the activities of the brain. How does the brain marshal its millions of individual nerve cells to produce behavior, and how are these cells influenced by the environment, which includes the actions of other people? The progress of neural science in explaining human behavior is a major theme of this book.

Like all science, neural science must continually confront certain fundamental questions. Are particular mental processes localized to specific regions of the brain, or does the mind represent a collective and emergent property of the whole brain? If specific mental processes can be localized to discrete brain regions, what is the relationship between the anatomy and physiology of one region and its specific function in perception, thought, or movement? Are such relationships more likely to be revealed by examining the region as a whole or by studying its individual nerve cells? In this chapter we consider to what degree mental functions are located in specific regions of the brain and to what degree such local mental processes can be understood in terms of the properties of specific nerve cells and their interconnections.

To answer these questions, we look at how modern neural science approaches one of the most elaborate cognitive behaviors-language. In doing so we necessarily focus on the cerebral cortex, the part of the brain concerned with the most evolved human behaviors. Here we see how the brain is organized into regions or brain compartments, each made up of large groups of neurons, and how highly complex behaviors can be traced to specific regions of the brain and understood in terms of the functioning of groups of neurons. In the next chapter we consider how these neural circuits function at the cellular level, using a simple reflex behavior to examine the way sensory signals are transformed into motor acts.

Two Opposing Views Have Been Advanced on the Relationship Between Brain and Behavior Our current views about nerve cells, the brain, and behavior have emerged over the last century from a convergence of five experimental traditions: anatomy, embryology, physiology, pharmacology, and psychology.

Before the invention of the compound microscope in the eighteenth century, nervous tissue was thought to function like a gland-an idea that goes back to the Greek physician Galen, who proposed that nerves convey fluid secreted by the brain and spinal cord to the body's periphery The microscope revealed the true structure of the cells of nervous tissue. Even so, nervous tissue did not become the subject of a special science until the late 1800s, when the first detailed descriptions of nerve cells were undertaken by Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ram6n y Cajal.

Golgi developed a way of staining neurons with silver salts that revealed their entire structure under the microscope. He could see clearly that neurons had cell bodies and two major types of projections or processes: branching dendrites at one end and a long cable-like axon at the other. Using Golgi's technique, Ram6n y Cajal was able to stain individual cells, thus showing that nervous tissue is not one continuous web but a network of discrete cells. In the course of this work, Ram6n y Cajal developed some of the key concepts and much of the early evidence for the neuron doctrine-the principle that individual neurons are the elementary signaling elements of the nervous system.

Additional experimental support for the neuron doctrine was provided in the 1920s by the American embryologist Ross Harrison, who demonstrated that the two major projections of the nerve cell-the dendrites and the axon-grow out from the cell body and that they do so even in tissue culture in which each neuron is isolated from other neurons. Harrison also confirmed Ram6n y Cajal's suggestion that the tip of the axon gives rise to an expansion called the growth cone, which leads the developing axon to its target (whether to other nerve cells or to muscles).

Physiological investigation of the nervous system began in the late 1700s when the Italian physician and physicist Luigi Galvani discovered that living excitable muscle and nerve cells produce electricity. Modern electrophysiology grew out of work in the nineteenth century by three German physiologists-Emil DuBois-Reymond, Johannes Mtiller, and Hermann von Helmholtz-who were able to show that the electrical activity of one nerve cell affects the activity of an adjacent cell in predictable ways.

Pharmacology made its first impact on our understanding of the nervous system and behavior at the end of the nineteenth century, when Claude Bernard in France, Paul Ehrlich in Germany, and John Langley in England demonstrated that drugs do not interact with cells arbitrarily, but rather bind to specific receptors typically located in the membrane on the cell surface. This discovery became the basis of the all-important study of the chemical basis of communication between nerve cells.

The psychological investigation of behavior dates back to the beginnings of Western science, to classical Greek philosophy. Many issues central to the modern investigation of behavior, particularly in the area of perception, were subsequently reformulated in the seventeenth century first by Ren6 Descartes and then by John Locke, of whom we shall learn more later. In the midnineteenth century Charles Darwin set the stage for the study of animals as models of human actions and behavior by publishing his observations on the continuity of species in evolution. This new approach gave rise to ethology, the study of animal behavior in the natural environment, and later to experimental psychology, the study of human and animal behavior under controlled conditions.

In fact, by as early as the end of the eighteenth century the first attempts had been made to bring together biological and psychological concepts in the study of behavior. Franz Joseph Gall, a German physician and neuroanatomist, proposed three radical new ideas. First, he advocated that all behavior emanated from the brain. Second, he argued that particular regions of the cerebral cortex controlled specific functions. Gall asserted that the cerebral cortex did not act as a single organ but was divided into at least 35 organs (others were added later), each corresponding to a specific mental faculty. Even the most abstract of human behaviors, such as generosity, secretiveness, and religiosity were assigned their spot in the brain. Third, Gall proposed that the center for each mental function grew with use, much as a muscle bulks up with exercise...

Table of Contents

	Contents	ix
	Preface	xxxv
	Acknowledgments	xxxvii
	Contributors	xxxix
Part I	The Neurobiology of Behavior
1	The Brain and Behavior	5
2	Nerve Cells and Behavior	19
3	Genes and Behavior	36
Part II	Cell and Molecular Biology of the Neuron
4	The Cytology of Neurons	67
5	Synthesis and Trafficking of Neuronal Protein	88
6	Ion Channels	105
7	Membrane Potential	125
8	Local Signaling: Passive Electrical Properties of the Neuron	140
9	Propagated Signaling: The Action Potential	150
Part III	Elementary Interactions Between Neurons: Synaptic Transmission
10	Overview of Synaptic Transmission	175
11	Signaling at the Nerve-Muscle Synapse: Directly Gated Transmission	187
12	Synaptic Integration	207
13	Modulation of Synaptic Transmission: Second Messengers	229
14	Transmitter Release	253
15	Neurotransmitters	280
16	Diseases of Chemical Transmission at the Nerve-Muscle Synapse: Myasthenia Gravis	298
Part IV	The Neural Basis of Cognition
17	The Anatomical Organization of the Central Nervous System	317
18	The Functional Organization of Perception and Movement	337
19	Integration of Sensory and Motor Function: The Association Areas of the Cerebral Cortex and the Cognitive Capabilities of the Brain	349
20	From Nerve Cells to Cognition: The Internal Cellular Representation Required for Perception and Action	381
Part V	Perception
21	Coding of Sensory Information	411
22	The Bodily Senses	430
23	Touch	451
24	The Perception of Pain	472
25	Constructing the Visual Image	492
26	Visual Processing by the Retina	507
27	Central Visual Pathways	523
28	Perception of Motion, Depth, and Form	548
29	Color Vision	572
30	Hearing	590
31	Sensory Transduction in the Ear	614
32	Smell and Taste: The Chemical Senses	625
Part VI	Movement
33	The Organization of Movement	653
34	The Motor Unit and Muscle Action	674
35	Diseases of the Motor Unit	695
36	Spinal Reflexes	713
37	Locomotion	737
38	Voluntary Movement	756
39	The Control of Gaze	782
40	The Vestibular System	801
41	Posture	816
42	The Cerebellum	832
43	The Basal Ganglia	853
Part VII	Arousal, Emotion, and Behavior Homeostasis
44	Brain Stem, Reflexive Behavior, and the Cranial Nerves	873
45	Brain Stem Modulation of Sensation, Movement, and Consciousness	889
46	Seizures and Epilepsy	910
47	Sleep and Dreaming	936
48	Disorders of Sleep and Wakefulness	948
49	The Autonomic Nervous System and the Hypothalamus	960
50	Emotional States and Feelings	982
51	Motivational and Addictive States	998
Part VIII	The Development of the Nervous System
52	The Induction and Patterning of the Nervous System	1019
53	The Generation and Survival of Nerve Cells	1041
54	The Guidance of Axons to Their Targets	1063
55	The Formation and Regeneration of Synapses	1087
56	Sensory Experience and the Fine-Tuning of Synaptic Connections	1115
57	Sexual Differentiation of the Nervous System	1131
58	Aging of the Brain and Dementia of the Alzheimer Type	1149
Part IX	Language, Thought, Mood, and Learning, and Memory
59	Language and the Aphasias	1169
60	Disorders of Thought and Volition: Schizophrenia	1188
61	Disorders of Mood: Depression, Mania, and Anxiety Disorders	1209
62	Learning and Memory	1227
63	Cellular Mechanisms of Learning and the Biological Basis of Individuality	1247
	Appendices
A	Current Flow in Neurons	1280
B	Ventricular Organization of Cerebrospinal Fluid: Blood-Brain Barrier, Brain Edema, and Hydrocephalus	1288
C	Circulation of the Brain	1302
D	Consciousness and the Neurobiology of the Twenty-First Century	1317
	Index	1321

Editorial Reviews

Reviewer: Yash D Shah, MD MPH(Northwell Health)
Description: Commonly referred to as a "bible" for neuroscientists, this is the sixth edition of, by far, the most complete account of scientific theory on the brain and its physical, mechanical, and biochemical structures.
Purpose: The purpose is to highlight the intellectual challenges and excitement of neurological science. The book presents clear descriptions of the basics of neural anatomy, neural science, and brain-behavior.
Audience: The information this book presents is not only intended to serve as a starting point for undergraduates, medical students, and graduate students in the neurosciences, but also is immensely useful for neuroscientists and neurologists who want to remain current in the field.
Features: Part I provides an overall perspective on the brain, genes, nervous circuitry, and neuroanatomical and computational bases of behavior. Part II examines the molecular biology of cells, which is crucial to an understanding of the complex mechanism of synaptic transmission in part III. Part IV presents an in-depth account of the sensory system, and part V deals with the motor system. Parts VI, VII, and VIII provide the fundamentals of the biology of emotion, motivation, behavior, cognition, and memory. The book ends with discussion of some important diseases of the nervous system.
Assessment: This is one of the seminal works that comprehensively catalogs the advances and principles of neuroscience. It is not a beginner's book, yet it is still fairly accessible. It is worth the investment, especially for neuroscientists or neurologists, or readers just deeply interested in the science of the brain and nervous system.

Doody's Review Service

5 Stars! from Doody

New edition of a text that emphasizes the examination of behavior at the level of individual nerve cells by addressing questions as to how the brain develops, how nerve cells in the brain communicate with one another, how different patterns of interconnections give rise to different perceptions and motor acts, how communication between neurons is modified by experience, and how that communication is altered by diseases. The 63 chapters discuss the neurology of behavior; cell and molecular biology of the neuron; elementary interactions between neurons (synaptic transmission); the neural basis of cognition; perception; movement; arousal, emotion, and behavior homeostatis; the development of the nervous system; and language, thought, mood, and learning, and memory. Contains many color and b&w illustrations. Edited by Kandell, James H. Schwartz, and Thomas M. Jessell of the Center for Neurobiology and Behavior (College of Physicians & Surgeons of Columbia U.) and The Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

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