Rat: How the World's Most Notorious Rodent Clawed Its Way to the Top
208
Rat: How the World's Most Notorious Rodent Clawed Its Way to the Top
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Overview
From its origins in the swamps of Southeast Asia to its role in the medieval Black Death to its unshakeable niche in modern urban centers, the rat has incredible evolutionary advantages. Combining biology with history, and social commentary with firsthand experience, Rat dispels the myths and exposes the little-known facts about the ubiquitous rodent.
Plague carrier, city vermin, and an out-and-out menace to modern man, the rat, like death and taxes, is a certain fixture in humankind's history. Rats are found in virtually every nook and cranny of the globe and their numbers are ever increasing. Rats are always adapting and they seem to outwit any attempts by humans to wipe them out. What makes the rat such a worthy adversary and how has it risen to the top of the animal kingdom?
• Rats have been discovered living in meat lockers. The rats in there simply grew longer hair, fatter bodies, and nested in the carcasses they fed upon.
• A female rat can, under good conditions, have well over 100,000 babies in her lifetime.
• A rat can fall fifty feet onto pavement and skitter away unharmed.
• A rat's jaws can exert a force more than twenty times as powerful as a human's.
• The front side of a rat's incisors are as hard as some grades of steel.
In Rat: How the World's Most Notorious Rodent Clawed Its Way to the Top, Jerry Langton explores the history, myth, physiology, habits, and psyche of the rat and even speculates on the future of the rat and how they might evolve over the next few hundred years.
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9781466872028 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | St. Martin's Publishing Group |
| Publication date: | 05/20/2014 |
| Sold by: | Macmillan |
| Format: | eBook |
| Pages: | 208 |
| File size: | 331 KB |
About the Author
Jerry Langton grew up in Hamilton, where he wrote for The Hamilton Spectator. He also contributed to Maclean’s. After a move to New York, he became the deputy editor for The Daily News. Having returned to Toronto, Langton is a freelance writer whose work appears regularly in The Globe&Mail and The Toronto Star. In doing research for his book Rat: How the World's Most Notorious Rodent Clawed Its Way to the Top, he spent a lot of time in sewers meeting with rats face-to-face. He lives in Toronto, Ontario.
Read an Excerpt
Rat
How the World's Most Notorious Rodent Clawed Its Way to the Top
By Jerry Langton
St. Martin's Press
Copyright © 2006 Jerry LangtonAll rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-1-4668-7202-8
CHAPTER 1
An Eating and Reproducing Machine
Unless you're huge, Ed is probably bigger than you. He's the kind of guy who has to duck when he goes through some doorways and sometimes has a hard time finding suits that fit. Now that he's a consultant and making some real money, that's become a bit of a problem. But the former college football player wasn't wearing a suit on the cold April morning when he went out to clean his garage. Instead, he was wearing the new blue-and-yellow Columbia ski jacket that he got as a gift at some corporate event. He knew it was too nice a jacket to wear to clean the garage, but it was cold out and the jacket was handy, so that's what he had on.
He'd only been in the garage once before, when he looked at the house before buying it. It was a mess, but it didn't make much difference to him. Ed was desperate to get into Toronto's skyrocketing real estate market while prices were still headed upward, so he took what was basically the best house he could afford. It had potential, but it also had some drawbacks. It was located in Parkdale, traditionally considered Toronto's worst downtown neighborhood, and it had not been well taken care of. The elderly couple who'd owned it before Ed weren't up to even the most basic maintenance and all their kids lived far away. The house was a dump and the garage was even worse.
But it didn't scare Ed. He was a hardworking guy who, without any help from anyone, had managed to parlay two years of college and his own natural aptitude, charm, perseverance, and twenty years' experience in sales into a successful consultancy. He was tough enough to put up with the rough neighborhood until the inevitable spike in housing prices forced it to change for the better. Until then he would do whatever he had to in order to make his little house habitable.
So, armed with a bucket, a bunch of cleansers, a mop, and a broom, he went into the garage. As soon as he opened the door, he heard the scurrying of small feet. Damn squirrels, he thought. Squirrels, in particular eastern gray squirrels, are everywhere in Toronto, as they are in many big North American cities. They're bigger and more aggressive than most other tree squirrels and are better adapted to life close to humans. When gray squirrels arrive, red squirrels (whose young are often eaten by gray squirrels) are usually forced out. Gray squirrels, which can be quite charming as they flit from tree to tree and beg for treats, were introduced to many European city parks shortly after World War II. By 1970, they had driven out much of the local fauna and became pests. On both sides of the Atlantic, they are known to invade our homes and gnaw at our garbage cans, but are generally tolerated, even enjoyed, because they keep their distance and they are pretty cute.
But Ed was in no mood for a bunch of fuzzy-tailed freeloaders in his garage. He knew that nesting squirrels could cause major structural damage and, from the smell, he could tell that it had become the rodents' neighborhood restroom. "I knew it wasn't a long-term solution, but I acted on instinct," he said. "I'm 260 pounds, and a squirrel is what ... half a pound? He should be scared of me. Even if I couldn't get rid of them for the long run, at least I could scare the shit out of them."
He grabbed his broom and started batting it at where he heard the scurrying. The garage had beams about nine feet off the ground and someone years earlier had used them to store a bunch of now-decaying cardboard boxes. Some were balanced on the beams themselves, others were resting on boards placed on top. Ed smacked the boxes. He whacked a stack of old newspapers. He smashed a roll of insulation and his entire life changed.
Nobody but the rat will ever know if it took flight because of the impact of Ed's broom or because it decided to jump for safety. He said that it leapt, as I've seen rats do, straight up, somersaulting in the air. It twisted its backbone in midflight, like a cat, to ensure a feetfirst landing. It landed on Ed's head.
It all happened too quickly for him to react. Maybe it jumped again or maybe it just bounced, but when Ed finally realized what was happening, the rat was in the hood of his jacket. Immediately, he tried to hit the rat with the broom. For its part, the rat tried to climb out of the hood, but the broom-handle assaults probably prevented its escape. Ed ran out of the garage and into the alley. He lay down in a patch of grainy gray snow and rolled, hoping to kill the intruder. As Ed put his weight on his right shoulder, the rat squirted out, running into the shadows, looking none the worse for the encounter.
Ed freaked out. He couldn't sleep in the house that night and told me he's had rat-themed nightmares ever since. He threw the coat — originally worth about $300 but now with a hood full of rat feces — away.
We're sitting in a booth at a fast-food restaurant as he tells me the story and I notice he rarely looks at me when he's talking. He looks at his hands instead, reliving every little gesture, every parry and blow. It's clear to me that he's telling the truth because he's sweating even though it's cold in the restaurant. He's getting pretty intense, so I try to lighten the mood. Half joking, I asked him if he had to change his pants after the encounter. He turned and looked me silently, sternly in the eye for at least a minute. "Have you ever had a rat in your clothes?" he asked me. I couldn't speak; I just shook my head. Ed now lives in a town house in suburban Oakville.
Perhaps Ed was overreacting. It was only a rat, after all. Rarely topping more than a pound in weight, the timid rat hardly seems like much of a threat — some people even keep them as pets.
It's not as though Ed ran into a lion in his garage. Equipped with giant retractable claws, bone-crushing jaws with three-inch canines and a startlingly athletic 550-pound frame, a lion can run 50 mph and bring down prey as large as a 2000-pound cape buffalo with what seems like ease. While an encounter with a single lion would almost certainly cause a human more damage than a confrontation with a single rat, those contacts are exceedingly rare.
Humans and lions cross paths infrequently simply because lions themselves are scarce. The few centuries in which humans have held sway on earth have been absolutely disastrous for lions. Ancient Greek historians Aristotle and Herodotus mention prides of lions in the Balkans just about 2500 years ago. And when the Persian king Xerxes advanced through Macedonia in 480 BC, he sadly reported that he lost a considerable number of his camels to marauding lions.
As humans gained in population and technology, lions became our competitors and sometimes our outright enemies. Requiring immense amounts of open space and eating basically the same animals humans favored, lions were squeezed, starved, and hunted almost out of existence. The range of the Asiatic lion, which once stretched from the Italian–Croatian border almost to Indonesia, has been reduced to a 200-square-mile reserve in western India with, at last count, 243 scraggly individuals. The African lion is doing somewhat better, with about 27,000 cats, almost entirely in parks and reserves. Though not quite endangered, African lions are threatened by habitat loss, poaching, disease, and inbreeding. If not for the dedication and tireless efforts of conservation organizations and a number of not entirely stable governments, the African lion could be wiped out in a matter of months, by nothing more than negligence.
Contrast that with the humble rat. Starting out near the bottom rung of the food chain in the crowded jungles of Southeast Asia, the rat has enjoyed outstanding success in the same timeframe that lions have been almost wiped off the face of the earth.
With a worldwide population that even conservative estimates place at many billion and most consider the highest of all mammals — including humans — the rat has conquered every continent except Antarctica (although they have infested a number of islands in the Antarctic sphere). According to Steve Belmain, a British scientist who probably knows more about rats than anyone else in the world, rats live everywhere humans do "with the exception of the scientific outposts in Antarctica, but those don't really count as the people are not there naturally. If humans naturally lived in Antarctica, I'm sure rats would live there too." Rats are a menace in the searing heat of East Africa, in the steamy jungles of Brazil, in the cool rocky meadows of the Falkland Islands, and in the frozen bogs of Siberia.
That extraordinary adaptability is the primary reason that rats have been so successful. The small, short-furred rats in the palm trees above Moroccan outdoor markets look like an entirely different animal when compared with the hulking, woolly rats you'd find around the Dumpsters behind fast-food outlets in Anchorage, Alaska. It really doesn't take long for rats to adapt to any environment, no matter how inhospitable it may seem. Rats live deep under the earth's surface in coal mines, surviving on what the miners leave behind. Colonies of rats have even been known to thrive in meat lockers, where constant freezing temperatures would kill humans in a matter of minutes. According to a study conducted by Michigan State University, rats adapt to refrigerated life by growing longer, thicker fur and an insulating layer of blubber from their high-fat diet, and by nesting inside animal carcasses.
Although all animals, especially mammals, can adapt to their surroundings, few if any do so as rapidly as rats. The reason behind this would appear to be the rat's amazing fecundity. Rats just love having sex and they do it all the time. Male rats regularly mate with underage and already pregnant rats and have even been photographed mating with dead rats, their heads still caught in snap traps. Sometimes, groups of all-male rats will have sex with one another.
If you see a female rat over the age of six months, she is almost certainly pregnant. Gestation lasts for about three weeks, after which a litter of between 6–12 (usually 8 or 9), pink hairless rats are born. And rats have developed an adaptation more remarkable than their love of sex or the size of their litters to keep their numbers up. The female rat's reproductive system is so simple — one of the reasons baby rats are so helpless and underdeveloped when they are born — that giving birth isn't a huge barrier to getting pregnant again. "The most important aspect of rodent breeding is a phenomenon called post-partum estrus," said Belmain. "This means that females rats can ovulate, mate and conceive within hours after giving birth."
Coincidentally, the rat's gestation period is about the same length of time as baby rats need to nurse. "A female nurses one set of young for twenty-eight days while she is pregnant with another set," said Belmain. "The first set is weaned just before she gives birth to the next set. This would mean that a female could give birth to another set of young every twenty-eight days, never having more than one litter to look after at a time."
It's possible then, for a three-year-old rat to have given birth to forty-three different litters, up to 516 separate births. When her children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren get into the act, it's possible for her to be responsible for up to 16,000 offspring in a single year, and the number approaches 100,000 if she lives for three years. Of course, those figures are under ideal conditions with plenty of food and no deaths to predators or other causes, but actual numbers are still staggeringly high. Such huge populations of new rats and their habit of inbreeding invariably result in all kinds of mutations, many of which thrive in what would otherwise be tough environments. In cold places, fatter and hairier rats are more likely to survive, mate, and pass on their genes than their thinner, less well-furred cousins. The net result is a population of increasingly blubbery and woolly rats. Of course, other habitats and conditions favor other characteristics.
But the adaptation that has helped rats the most has been their ability to live with humans. While most other nondomesticated animals go to great pains to avoid contact with people, rats seek us out. One reason they like us is that they like our food. "These rats are usually generalist omnivores — they'll eat anything," said Belmain. "They can eat rubbish, sewage, dead bodies as well as whatever they find in our kitchens."
But unlike lions, which challenged humans on the hunting ground and occasionally included them in their diet, rats are satisfied to take our scraps. Rats, acting more as an annoying parasite than a threatening rival, eat what we waste, misplace, store, or don't consider food. By being small and inconspicuous, the rat has largely fallen under our radar. Until scientists Alexandre Yersin and Shibasaburo Kitasato conclusively linked them to bubonic plague in 1894, rats were generally considered more of a nuisance than a threat.
Our homes provide them not only with warmth and shelter from rain and snow, but also from predators — other than ourselves and our pets, some of which have been specifically designed to get rid of them. But compared to hunters like red-tailed hawks, great-horned owls, and coyotes, squeamish humans, easygoing Labrador retrievers and well-fed house cats hardly present much danger. Humans can be a bit of a problem with their snap traps and poisons, but rats either adapt to these introduced dangers or die. Many will develop immunities to poisons or simply avoid them, instead taking food they know is safe. But sometimes, they will be killed, even in great numbers. If the environment will support them, however new rats — displaced from other places either by human effort or by inter-rat competition — will arrive to start the process again. There are always more rats.
There are more rats because they have adapted perfectly to a world dominated by humans. They are better suited to our habits even than our pets, the animals we have invited into our homes. It wasn't by accident. Rats are specially equipped with extraordinary powers.
Nocturnal by nature (although they will switch to days if they're living with a human who prefers nights), they have poor eyesight. They can barely see beyond four feet — although they can visually detect motion well up to about 50 feet — and are very close to color blind. To compensate, their other senses have developed to a remarkable degree.
They can detect and differentiate smells as well as the best of dogs. In fact, recent research has indicated that more than 1 percent of the rat's entire genetic structure is devoted to their sense of smell. Their hearing is acute — they can detect about two and a half times as many sounds as humans can — and specialized in location. If a rat is in your living room and you roll over in bed upstairs, it not only knows that you did it, but where you were when it happened. It's in a rat's best interest to be able to locate any potential threats and its ears can let it know where sounds originate. Because of the shape and the varying thicknesses of their earlobes, rats can swivel their ears and, by measuring and comparing differences in intensity, triangulate and accurately estimate the site of a sound's origin.
Even more keen is the rat's sense of taste. Laboratory tests have shown that rats can detect different tastes as small as 0.5 parts per million — about the equivalent of two grains of salt in a pound of peanut butter. That ability has constantly frustrated would-be poisoners, who must use greater amounts of increasingly stronger poisons as rats develop immunities, but have to keep them flavorless enough to prevent them from tipping off and scaring away their sensitive quarry. When a rat senses that something isn't quite right with a potential food source, it will urinate on it. This most likely serves as a warning to other rats, but I like to think it's also an editorial comment to less skilled rat hunters.
The most developed sense rats have, however, is touch. Using the whiskers on its face and other guide hairs over the length of its body, a rat can constantly feel its surroundings. Rats depend on this sense so much that many actually feel uncomfortable if they can't feel a stationary object, like a wall, against at least one side. Only the most confident rats walk about in the open. This habit of sticking close to inanimate objects — called thigmophilia or "love of touching" — means that rats will often take familiar, security-inducing routes along walls. One Toronto health inspector told me that the first thing he does when he enters a restaurant kitchen is check the bases of the walls for grease trails left by rats leaning against them as they make their nightly rounds.
(Continues...)
Excerpted from Rat by Jerry Langton. Copyright © 2006 Jerry Langton. Excerpted by permission of St. Martin's Press.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
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Table of Contents
Contents
Title Page,Copyright Notice,
Dedication,
An Eating and Reproducing Machine,
The Prehistory of the Rat,
A Most Uneasy Partnership,
Entertainer, Test Subject, and Family Friend,
Vermin, Villain, and God's Best Friend,
Destroyer of Worlds,
Second Only to Us,
Quagmire,
Future Rat,
Acknowledgments,
About the Author,
Copyright,