Reflections of Our Past: How Human History Is Revealed in Our Genes
The rise of the multi-billion dollar ancestry testing industry points to one immutable truth about us as human beings: we want to know where we come from and who our ancestors were. John H. Relethford and Deborah A. Bolnick explore this topic and many more in this second edition of Reflections of Our Past.

Where did modern humans come from and how important are the biological differences among us? Are we descended from Neandertals? How should we understand the connections between genetic ancestry, race, and identity? Were Native Americans the first to inhabit the Americas? Can we see evidence of the Viking invasions of Ireland a millennium ago even in the Irish of today? Through engaging examination of issues such as these, and using non-technical language, Reflections of Our Past shows how anthropologists use genetic information to suggest answers to fundamental questions about human history. By looking at genetic variation in the world today and in the past, we can reconstruct the recent and remote events and processes that have created the variation we see, providing a fascinating reflection of our genetic past.

"1101799780"
Reflections of Our Past: How Human History Is Revealed in Our Genes
The rise of the multi-billion dollar ancestry testing industry points to one immutable truth about us as human beings: we want to know where we come from and who our ancestors were. John H. Relethford and Deborah A. Bolnick explore this topic and many more in this second edition of Reflections of Our Past.

Where did modern humans come from and how important are the biological differences among us? Are we descended from Neandertals? How should we understand the connections between genetic ancestry, race, and identity? Were Native Americans the first to inhabit the Americas? Can we see evidence of the Viking invasions of Ireland a millennium ago even in the Irish of today? Through engaging examination of issues such as these, and using non-technical language, Reflections of Our Past shows how anthropologists use genetic information to suggest answers to fundamental questions about human history. By looking at genetic variation in the world today and in the past, we can reconstruct the recent and remote events and processes that have created the variation we see, providing a fascinating reflection of our genetic past.

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Reflections of Our Past: How Human History Is Revealed in Our Genes

Reflections of Our Past: How Human History Is Revealed in Our Genes

Reflections of Our Past: How Human History Is Revealed in Our Genes

Reflections of Our Past: How Human History Is Revealed in Our Genes

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Overview

The rise of the multi-billion dollar ancestry testing industry points to one immutable truth about us as human beings: we want to know where we come from and who our ancestors were. John H. Relethford and Deborah A. Bolnick explore this topic and many more in this second edition of Reflections of Our Past.

Where did modern humans come from and how important are the biological differences among us? Are we descended from Neandertals? How should we understand the connections between genetic ancestry, race, and identity? Were Native Americans the first to inhabit the Americas? Can we see evidence of the Viking invasions of Ireland a millennium ago even in the Irish of today? Through engaging examination of issues such as these, and using non-technical language, Reflections of Our Past shows how anthropologists use genetic information to suggest answers to fundamental questions about human history. By looking at genetic variation in the world today and in the past, we can reconstruct the recent and remote events and processes that have created the variation we see, providing a fascinating reflection of our genetic past.


Product Details

ISBN-13: 9780813349466
Publisher: Westview Press
Publication date: 03/27/2018
Edition description: 2nd ed.
Pages: 320
Product dimensions: 6.00(w) x 9.00(h) x (d)

About the Author

John H. Relethford is Distinguished Teaching Professor, Department of Anthropology, SUNY College at Oneonta. He has published extensively on human population genetics, biological variation, and the origin of modern humans. Dr. Relethford has served as President of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, and as Chair of Section H (Anthropology) of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Deborah A. Bolnick is Associate Professor of Anthropology, currently at the University of Texas at Austin but moving to the University of Connecticut in Fall 2018. She has served as President, Past-President, and Vice President of the American Association of Anthropological Genetics,and is a co-organizer of the Summer internship for INdigenous peoples in Genomics (SING) program. Her research and teaching interests lie at the intersection of anthropology and genetics.

Table of Contents

Preface ix

Chapter 1 The History in Our Genes 1

Anthropologists, Genetics, and History: About Us 3 Genetics and Human History 9

Chapter 2 The Naked Ape 15

Our Place in Nature 17

Who Is Our Closest Living Relative? 20

Genetic Comparisons of Apes and Humans 21

Dating the Split 30

Views on Classification 36

What Makes Us Different? 37

Chapter 3 Out of Africa: Our Genetic Legacy 41

A Quick Summary of Human Evolution 42

What Is a Species? 45

Models of Modern Human Origins 46

Fossil Evidence for an African Origin 47

Gene Trees 48

Most Gene Trees Have African Roots 53

Genetic Diversity Is Higher in Sub-Saharan African Populations 55

Genetic Drift, Mutation, and African Diversity 56

Genetic Diversity Decreases with Distance Out of Africa 60

Genetic Distance 61

Global Genetic Distances Correlate with Geographic Distance 64

What Happened Next? 71

Chapter 4 The Fate of the Neandertals (and Other Archaic Humans) 73

A Brief History of the Discovery and Interpretation of Neandertals 75

The Discovery of Neandertal DNA 77

More Neandertal Mitochondrial DNA 81

Where Did All the Neandertal Mitochondrial Sequences Go? 82

The Neandertal Genome Sequence 83

The Denisovans 87

What Did We Inherit from Archaic Humans? 90

The Future of Studies of Neandertals (and Other Archaic Humans) 94

Chapter 5 The First Inhabitants of the Americas 97

Where Did the First Migrants Come From, and How and When Did They Arrive? 98

The Genetic Link between Asia and North America 103

Studies of Mitochondrial DNA 105

Nuclear DNA Studies 111

Insights from Ancient Genomes 112

How Many Migrations? 117

Past and Present 118

Chapter 6 Genetics and the Spread of Agriculture in Europe 121

Origins of Agriculture 122

The Emergence of Agriculture in Europe 124

Cultural Diffusion versus Demic Diffusion 125

Genetic Evidence for Demic Diffusion 128

Insights from Ancient DNA 133

Other Migrations into Europe 138

Genetic Adaptation and the Spread of Agriculture: The Case of Lactase Persistence 140

The Genetic and Cultural History of Europe 143

Chapter 7 Voyagers of the Pacific 145

Where Did the Polynesians Come From? 147

Genetic Distances and Polynesia 151

What Does Mitochondrial DNA Tell Us? 152

The Evidence from Y Chromosomes 155

The Evidence from Autosomal DNA 157

Sex Differences in Polynesian Ancestry 159

A Final Thought about Expansions 161

Chapter 8 Three Tales from Ireland 163

English Gene Flow in the Aran Islands 168

Invasions, Settlements, and Irish History 174

The Origin of the Irish Travellers 178

Some Closing Thoughts from Both of Us 181

Chapter 9 Admixture and History 183

The Genetics of Admixture 184

Admixture in Mexicans and Native Americans in North America 188

Admixture in African Americans in the United States 193

Admixture in Individual African Americans 197

Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings 199

Genetic Admixture and the Jewish Diaspora 202

The Cohen Modal Haplotype 206

The Lemba 208

Admixture and Identity 210

Chapter 10 Ancestry, Identity, and Race 213

Genealogical and Genetic Ancestry 214

Genetic Ancestry Testing 217

Genetic Ancestry and Cultural Identity 222

Ancestry and Identity: A Personal Anecdote 224

Race and Genetic Variation 226

Ancestry and History 231

Appendix: Analyzing DNA 233

Glossary 243

Chapter Notes 253

References 261

Index 283

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