Table of Contents
Preface vii
Part 1 On the Edge 1
Prelude: Rome, 1450 1
1 An Age of Breakthroughs 3
2 Religion in Late Medieval Christendom 19
3 Reform and Dissent in the Late Middle Ages 43
4 Italian Humanism 64
5 Humanism Beyond Italy 86
6 Forerunners of the Catholic Reformation 114
Part 2 Protestants 131
Prelude: Rome, 1510 131
7 Luther: From Student to Monk 133
8 Luther: From Rebel to Heretic 158
9 Luther: The Reactionary 185
10 The Swiss Reformation 218
11 The Radical Reformation 248
12 Calvin and Calvinism 286
13 England, Wales, Ireland, and Scotland, 1521-1603 318
Part 3 Catholics 367
Prelude: Rome, 1564 367
14 Catholic Reform: Facing the Challenge 369
15 Catholic Reform: Healing the Body of Christ 389
16 Catholic Reform: Fashioning a New Clergy 414
17 Catholic Reform: The Society of Jesus 442
18 Missions to the New World 466
19 Missions to the East Indies 498
Part 4 Consequences 523
Prelude: Rome, 1626 523
20 The Age of Religious Wars 525
21 The Age of Orthodoxy 562
22 The Confessional Age 586
23 The Age of Devils 618
24 The Age of Reasonable Doubt 660
25 The Age of Outcomes 691
26 The Spirit of the Age 719
Epilogue. Assessing the Reformations 741
Notes 759
Bibliography 783
Illustration Credits 857
Index 867