Table of Contents
Table of Cases ix
Table of Legislation xvii
Introduction 1
1 Europe in Crises 2
2 Policy Choices and Constitutional Choices 3
3 What's In a Policy? 4
4 Argument Overview 6
1 Liberty in the Constitutional Construct of Europe 9
1 The Constitutional Soul of Europe 9
2 Legitimacy of the Union and the Paradox of Polity 14
3 Capturing the Paradox: Voice, Exit and Loyalty 19
4 The Three Aspects of Liberty 22
5 Europe's Love Triangle 26
6 Europe as a Liberty-Preserving Construct 32
7 Constitutive Elements of EU Constitutional Order 34
2 A Union of Polities: Negative Liberty 39
1 The Nature of Europe's Union: Non-interference Between National Polities 43
2 Non-Interference vs Positive Liberty in EC External Agreements 54
3 The Boundaries of Europe's Union: Reciprocity of Commitment 59
4 Constitutional Dilemma of Internal over External 63
5 Non-Interference between Member States Prevails over External Positive Liberty 65
6 The Rights-Admission Dichotomy to Balance Negative and Positive Liberty 70
7 Integration Through Law or Integration Through Politics? 75
3 A Political Union: Positive Liberty 77
1 A New Solution for an Old Problem 77
2 Emancipation of Politics and the European Political Space 83
3 Emergence of a European Political Process 90
Regulation Not Deregulation 90
Majority Not Unanimity 93
4 Constitutional Elements of Post-Lisbon Law 96
The Liberal and Republican Models of Legitimation in Europe 96
Composite European Political Process 100
Permanent and Temporary Exit to Europe 102
Peace, Peoples and Pluralism in Europe's Constitutional Construct 104
5 Pluralism Under Union Law 107
4 Conflict in Union Law 113
1 Conflict as the Object of Union Law 113
2 Legitimacy of Policy Choices 116
The Source of Objectives 117
Subsidiarity Review Procedure 120
3 Deciding Who Decides (in) Union Law 121
4 Demise of the Vertical Balance of Powers 132
5 From Balance of Powers to Balance of Polities 134
5 The EU Court and Liberty from Dependence 137
1 The Triumph of Positive Liberty 137
Line 1 European Positive Liberty > National Positive Liberty 137
Line 2 European Positive Liberty > Fundamental Rights 143
2 Liberal Review of a Republican Policy 147
3 Domination of Mutual Trust and the Faux Virtue of Solidarity 154
4 The Invisible Liberty 165
6 Conclusion: Union Law as the Pacifier of Conflicts 168
Bibliography 175
Index 191
