Solar Energy at Urban Scale / Edition 1 available in Hardcover, eBook
- ISBN-10:
- 1848213565
- ISBN-13:
- 9781848213562
- Pub. Date:
- 06/18/2012
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Buy New
$203.95Overview
Contents
1. The Odyssey of Remote Sensing from Space: Half a Century of Satellites for Earth Observations, Théo Pirard. 2. Territorial and Urban Measurements, Marius Paulescu and Viorel Badescu. 3. Sky Luminance Models, Matej Kobav and Grega Bizjak. 4. Satellite Images Applied to Surface Solar Radiation Estimation, Bella Espinar and Philippe Blanc. 5. Worldwide Aspects of Solar Radiation Impact, Benoit Beckers. 6. Local Energy Balance, Pierre Kastendeuch. 7. Evapotranspiration, Marjorie Musy. 8. Multiscale Daylight Modeling for Urban Environments, John Mardaljevic and George Janes. 9. Geometrical Models of the City, Daniel G. Aliaga. 10. Radiative Simulation Methods, Pierre Beckers and Benoit Beckers. 11. Radiation Modeling Using the Finite Element Method, Tom van Eekelen. 12. Dense Cities in the Tropical Zone, Edward Ng. 13. Dense Cities in Temperate Climates: Solar and Daylight Rights, Guedi Capeluto. 14. Solar Potential and Solar Impact, Frédéric Monette and Benoit Beckers. Appendix 1. Table of Europe’s Platforms (Micro- and Minisatellites) for Earth Observations, Théo Pirard. Appendix 2. Commercial Operators of Earth Observation (EO) Satellites (as of January 1, 2012), Théo Pirard. Appendix 3. Earth’s Annual Global Mean Energy Budget, Benoit Beckers.
Product Details
ISBN-13: | 9781848213562 |
---|---|
Publisher: | Wiley |
Publication date: | 06/18/2012 |
Series: | ISTE Series , #691 |
Pages: | 384 |
Product dimensions: | 6.30(w) x 9.20(h) x 1.00(d) |
About the Author
Table of Contents
Introduction xiii
The Authors xvi
Chapter 1 The Odyssey of Remote Sensing from Space: Half a Century of Satellites for Earth Observations Théo Pirard 1
1.1 To improve the weather forecasts 2
1.2 Technological challenges to spy and to map from orbit 3
1.3 Toward global environmental observers in space 6
1.4 The digital revolution of the ICTs for GIS applications 9
1.5 Suggested reading 12
Chapter 2 Territorial and Urban and Measurements Marius Paulescu Viorel Badescu 13
2.1 Solar irradiation at the Earth's surface 13
2.2 Instrumentation 17
2.2.1 Fundamentals of solar irradiance measurements 18
2.2.2 Solar radiometers 20
2.2.2.1 Pyrheliometers 20
2.2.2.2 Pyranometers 20
2.2.2.3 World radiometric reference 23
2.2.2.4 Radiometers calibration and uncertainty 23
2.2.2.5 Classification of pyranometers 25
2.2.3 Sunshine duration measurements 25
2.2.3.1 Burning card method 25
2.2.3.2 Pyranometric method 27
2.2.4 Data quality assessment 28
2.2.5 Data availability 29
2.3 Radiation measurements in urban environment 29
2.3.1 Description scales 29
2.3.2 Urban site description 30
2.3.3 WMO recommendations 31
2.3.3.1 Scope of measurements and measurement site selection 31
2.3.3.2 Measurements and corrections 32
2.4 Conclusions 33
2.5 Acknowledgments 33
2.6 Bibliography 33
Chapter 3 Sky Luminance Models Matej Kobav Grega Bizjak 37
3.1 CIE standard overcast sky (1955) 39
3.2 CIE standard clear sky (1996) 39
3.3 CIE standard general sky 40
3.4 All-weather model for sky luminance distribution - Perez 45
3.5 ASRC-CIE model 48
3.6 Igawa all-sky model 49
3.7 Absolute luminance 52
3.8 Visualization 54
3.9 Conclusion 54
3.10 Bibliography 55
Chapter 4 Satellite Images Applied to Surface Solar Radiation Estimation Bella Espinar Phillippe Blanc 57
4.1 The solar resource 57
4.2 Ground measurements of the solar resource 60
4.2.1 Ground instruments 60
4.2.2 The spatial variability of solar radiation 62
4.3 Satellite images for SSI estimation 64
4.4 Two different approaches for satellite-based SSI estimation 68
4.4.1 SSI clear-sky models 68
4.4.2 The inverse approach 69
4.4.2.1 The calculation of the cloud coverage index 69
4.4.2.2 The calculation of the GHI 70
4.4.3 The direct approach 72
4.5 Accuracy of satellite-based SSI estimations 74
4.6 Use of satellite observations for high-resolutions solar radiation estimation 78
4.6.1 High-resolution solar atlas of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 79
4.6.1.1 Model for the variation of the optical path length 80
4.6.1.2 Model for sky obstruction effects by the orography 81
4.6.1.3 Uncertainty analysis of the solar atlas 85
4.6.1.4 Dissemination of the solar atlas 86
4.6.2 Solar resource assessment at urban scale 87
4.7 Bibliography 92
Chapter 5 Worldwide Aspects of Solar Radiation Impact Benoit Beckers 99
5.1 Global energy budget at the Earth level 99
5.2 The distribution of solar radiation on the Earth's surface 102
5.2.1 Consequence of the unequal distribution of sunshine 103
5.2.2 Effect of the Earth's rotation 104
5.2.3 Influence of continental masses 106
5.3 The Sun at different latitudes 107
5.4 The solar diagrams 108
5.5 Climate and housing 111
5.6 Solar energy at urban scale 113
5.7 Conclusions and perspectives 115
5.8 Bibliography 117
Chapter 6 Local Energy Balance Pierre Kastendeuch 119
6.1 Introduction 119
6.2 Soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer model 120
6.3 Physiographic data and boundary conditions 121
6.4 Solar radiation transfers 123
6.5 Infrared radiation transfers 129
6.6 Other heat fluxes 131
6.7 Conclusions 134
6.8 Bibliography 135
Chapter 7 Evapotranspiration Marjorie Musy 139
7.1 Physical bases 140
7.2 Related interest of different types of evapotranspirating surfaces 142
7.2.1 Bare soil 142
7.2.2 Grass-covered areas 143
7.2.3 Green roofs 144
7.2.4 Green walls 144
7.2.5 Trees 146
7.2.6 Parks 148
7.3 From microscale to city scale: the modeling approaches 149
7.3.1 Microscale 149
7.3.2 District scale 152
7.3.3 City scale 153
7.4 Conclusions 154
7.5 Bibliography 154
Chapter 8 Multiscale Daylight Modeling for Urban Environments John Mardaljevic George M. Janes 159
8.1 Introduction 159
8.2 Background 160
8.2.1 Climate and microclimate 160
8.2.2 The urban solar microclimate 161
8.2.3 The USM and human experience 162
8.2.4 The USM in guidelines and recommendations 163
8.2.5 "Real" climate 164
8.2.6 Climate-based daylight modeling 165
8.3 Visualizing the urban solar microclimate 167
8.3.1 The San Francisco 3D model 167
8.3.2 Harvesting solar energy 169
8.3.3 A strategic evaluation of urban solar potential 170
8.3.4 Irradiation mapping of "virtual London" 172
8.4 The ASL building: a solar access study 173
8.4.1 Density and zoning in New York City 173
8.4.2 The Art Students League building 174
8.4.3 Quantifying the potential daylight injury 175
8.4.4 Outcomes and implications 178
8.5 Daylighting the New York Times building 180
8.5.1 3D model for NYT building and surroundings 181
8.5.2 The spatiotemporal dynamics of sunlight exposure 182
8.5.3 Balancing daylight provision and visual comfort 183
8.6 Summary 187
8.7 Acknowledgments 187
8.8 Bibliography 187
Chapter 9 Geometrical Models of the City Daniel G. Aliaga 191
9.1 Introduction 191
9.1.1 Modeling challenges 192
9.1.2 State-of-the-art 193
9.2 Forward procedural modeling 194
9.2.1 Plants and architecture 194
9.2.2 Buildings and cities 194
9.2.3 Streets and parcels 195
9.3 Inverse procedural modeling 196
9.3.1 Inverse parameter estimation 197
9.3.2 Inverse procedure and parameter estimation 198
9.4 Simulation-based modeling 199
9.5 Example systems 200
9.6 Bibliography 200
Chapter 10 Radiative Simulation Methods Pierre Beckers Benoit Beckers 205
10.1 Introduction 205
10.2 Geometry 206
10.2.1 The geometric model 206
10.2.2 Solar geometry: calculating the Sun's position 207
10.2.2.1 Earth's revolution 209
10.2.2.2 Earth's rotation 211
10.2.2.3 Sun's azimuth and zenith angle 212
10.2.3 Geometric description of the environment of a point 213
10.2.3.1 Contribution of cartography 213
10.2.3.2 Urban geometry, stereography, and isochronous graph 216
10.3 Loading 218
10.3.1 Radiation sources: Sun and sky 218
10.3.2 Irradiance on differently oriented planes 219
10.3.2.1 Direct radiation on a plane always facing the Sun 219
10.3.2.2 Horizontal plane 221
10.3.2.3 Computation of energy 222
10.4 Computation model 223
10.4.1 Radiosity equations 224
10.4.2 View factors 225
10.4.2.1 Properties of the view factor 225
10.4.2.2 View factors algebra 228
10.4.2.3 Point to area view factor 228
10.4.3 Digital processing of the view factor 230
10.4.4 Characteristics of the discrete model: the mesh and its control 231
10.5 Transient thermal couple problem 232
10.6 Conclusion 234
10.7 Bibliography 234
Chapter 11 Radiation Modeling Using the Finite Element Method Tom van Eekelen 237
11.1 Basic assumptions 237
11.2 Visibility and view factors 239
11.2.1 Definition 239
11.2.2 Monte Carlo-based ray-tracing method 241
11.3 Thermal balance equations 245
11.3.1 Conductive thermal balance 245
11.3.2 Radiation thermal balance 246
11.3.2.1 Gray approximation 249
11.3.2.2 Non-gray (multiband) solution 249
11.4 Finite element formulation 250
11.5 Example problems 254
11.6 Bibliography 257
Chapter 12 Dense Cities in the Tropical Zone Edward Ng 259
12.1 Introduction 259
12.2 Access to the sky 261
12.3 Designing for daylight 266
12.4 Designing for solar access 272
12.5 Designing with solar renewable energy 281
12.6 Conclusion 287
12.7 Bibliography 288
Chapter 13 Dense Cities in Temperate Climates: Solar and Daylight Rights Guedi Capeluto 291
13.1 Introduction 291
13.1.1 Urban form and thermal comfort 291
13.2 Solar rights in urban design 292
13.3 Solar envelopes as a design tool 293
13.4 Solar envelopes as a tool for urban development 295
13.5 Regulations and applications 297
13.6 Methods of application 299
13.7 A simple design tool 300
13.8 Modeling the building shape for self-shading using the solar collection envelope 302
13.9 Daylight rights 306
13.10 Daylight access 306
13.11 Conclusions 308
13.12 Bibliography 309
Chapter 14 Solar Potential and Solar Impact Frédéric Monette Benoit Beckers 311
14.1 Methodological considerations 312
14.2 Definition of the residential area 312
14.3 Estimation of irradiance and solar gains 319
14.4 Estimation of energy needs for heating 321
14.5 Results analysis 322
14.6 Perspectives and conclusions 331
14.7 Acknowledgments 332
14.8 Bibliography 332
Conclusion Benoit Beckers 335
Appendices 339
Appendix 1 Table of Europe's Platforms (Micro- and Minisatellites) for Earth Observations Théo Pirard 341
Appendix 2 Commercial Operators of Earth Observation (EO) Satellites (as of January 1, 2012) Théo Pirard 347
Appendix 3 Earth's Annual Global Mean Energy Budget Benoit Beckers 355
List of Authors 357
Index 361