Sonochemistry: New Opportunities For Green Chemistry

by Gregory Chatel

Overview

The application of ultrasound waves to chemical reactions — sonochemistry — has huge potential for innovation in eco-friendly and eco-efficient chemistry. Sonochemistry: New Opportunities for Green Chemistry first introduces the basics of ultrasonic waves and the history of sonochemistry before moving on to look at acoustic cavitation and the estimation of ultrasonic parameters. After this comes a discussion of the equipment needed for experimentation with sonochemistry. Finally there is an in-depth look at green sonochemistry in different fields of research, covering concepts such as new combinations of ultrasound with ionic liquids, microwave irradiation, enzyme combination, and sono-assisted electrochemistry. In conclusion, distinguished sonochemists from around the world share their opinions on the green sonochemistry, and their predictions in the field.Undergraduate and graduate students in chemistry, and practitioners of ultrasonic technology will gain a unique insight into the opportunities and challenges facing sonochemistry today in its theoretical and practical implementation.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781786341501
Publisher:	World Scientific Publishing Europe Ltd
Publication date:	02/23/2017
Pages:	188
Product dimensions:	6.00(w) x 8.90(h) x 0.50(d)

Table of Contents

Foreword v

Preface ix

About the Author xi

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

1 What is the Sonochemistry? 1

2 A Chemistry Based oil Ultrasonic Waves 3

3 The Brief History of Sonochemistry 5

4 What about Green Chemistry? 7

References 10

Chapter 2 Acoustic Cavitation 13

1 Bubble Dynamic 13

2 Cavitation, Effects and Models 15

3 Factors Affecting Cavitation 18

3.1 Frequency 18

3.2 Acoustic power 20

3.3 Pressure 20

3.4 Temperature 21

3.5 Solvent 22

3.6 Dissolved gas 22

3.7 Shape of the sonoreactor 23

References 23

Chapter 3 Ultrasonic Parameters Estimation 27

1 Frequency 27

2 Electric Power 28

3 Acoustic Power 29

4 Ultrasonic intensity 30

5 Radical Production 31

6 Sonochemical Efficiency 33

7 Speed of Ultrasonic Wave 33

8 Cavitation Regions 34

9 Sonoluminescenee 34

10 Conclusions 37

References 37

Chapter 4 Ultrasonic Equipment 41

1 Transducers 41

2 Ultrasonic Cleaning Baths 43

3 Ultrasonic Probes 45

4 Reactors 46

4.1 Cup-horn reactors 46

4.2 Whistle reactors 49

4.3 Shape of reactors 49

4.4 Reactor design and scale-up 51

References 57

Chapter 5 Applications in Green Chemistry 59

1 Sonocatalysis and Organic Sonochemistry 59

1.1 Examples of the synthesis of fused heterocycles 63

1.2 Examples of oxidation reactions 66

1.3 Examples of hydrogenation reactions 68

1.4 Other examples of heterogeneous catalysis 69

2 Sonochemical Preparation of Materials 71

2.1 Modification of solids 72

2.2 Synthesis of nanostructured solids 76

2.3 Contribution of physical and chemical effects of ultrasound 78

3 Polymer Chemistry 80

3.1 Ultrasound-based synthesis of polymers 80

3.2 Ultrasound-based cleavage and depolymerization of polymers 81

4 Lignocellulosic Biomass Conversion 84

4.1 Sonochemical pretreatment 85

4.2 Sonochemical production of chemicals 87

5 Sonochemical Extraction 95

6 New Combinations… Towards New Results! 98

6.1 Ultrasound and ionic liquids combination 98

6.1.1 Applications in organic chemistry 99

6.1.2 Green synthesis of ionic liquids under ultrasound 103

6.1.3 Applications in material synthesis 104

6.1.4 Extraction and microextraction 106

6.1.5 Effect of ultrasound on non-volatile ionic liquids - Theoretical point of view 107

6.1.6 Conclusions about IL/ultrasound combination 111

6.2 Ultrasound coupled to microwave irradiation 114

6.3 Sono-assisted electrochemistry 119

6.4 Ultrasound and enzyme combination 123

7 Environmental Remediation 127

8 Scale-up and Industrial Applications 129

References 129

Chapter 6 Conclusion and Outlook 147

1 Current Limitations of Sonochemistry 147

2 Sonochemistry: More than a Tool for Green Chemistry 149

3 When Sonochemists Give Their Opinion… 151

References 164

Index 167