1. INTRODUCTION
Population and Sample
Observations and Variables
Variables and Scales
Quantitative or Measurement Variable on Interval Scale
Qualitative Variable on Nominal Scale
Ranked Variable on Ordinal Scale
Frequency Distribution
Properties of Frequency Distribution
Normal Distribution
Properties of Normal Curve
Standard Normal Distribution
Statistics and Parameters
Sampling Distribution
Sampling Distribution of Mean
Hypothesis Testing
Null and Alternate Hypothesis
Percentiles and Confidence Interval
Levels of Significance
Two-tailed Test and One-tailed Test
Type I and Type II Errors
p-values
2. SPSS DATA FILE
Opening a Data File in SPSS
SPSS Data Editor
Variable View
Data View
Entering Data into the Data Editor
Saving the Data File
Statistical Analysis
Editing and Manipulating Data
Inserting a New Variable
Rearranging the Order of Variables in Variable View
Deleting and Rearranging Items from the Viewer
Creating a Page Break
Changing the Type of Variable
Missing Values
Editing SPSS output
Copying SPSS Output
Copying a Table
Copying a Graph
Changing from Portrait to Landscape
Printing from SPSS
Printing the Output from the Viewer
Closing SPSS
Tutorials in SPSS
Importing Data
Importing Excel Files
3. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS WITH SPSS
Descriptive Statistics
Measures of Central Tendency
Arithmetic Mean
Median
Mode
Measures of Dispersion
Standard Deviation
Skewness
Kurtosis
Descriptive Statistics with SPSS
Quantitative Data
Nominal and Ordinal Data or Qualitative Data
Review Exercises
4. CHARTS AND GRAPHS
Bar Charts
Simple Bar Charts
Clustered Bar Charts
Error Bar Charts
Pie Chart
Scatter Plots and Dot Plots
Scatter Plots
Line graphs
Histogram
Review Exercises
5. COMPARING AVERAGES
Parametric Tests and Non-Parametric Tests to Compare Averages
Students t-test
Two-sample Test
One-Sample t-Test
Other tests for Comparing Averages
Mann-Whitney’s Test for Independent Samples
Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Sample Test
Review Exercises
6. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)
Analysis of Variance—One Factor between Subjects
One-Way ANOVA
Two-way ANOVA—Two Treatment Factor Experiment and Analysis
Multiple Analysis of Variance (MANOVA)
Multiple Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) with SPSS
Basics of Doing MANOVA in SPSS
Review Exercises
7. CORRELATION
Statistical Association between Variables
Correlation—Simple and Multiple Correlation
Types of Correlation
Methods of Studying Correlation
Graphical Method: Scatter Diagram
Mathematical Method: Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient
Bivariate Analysis with SPSS
Rank Correlation
Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient
Spearman’s Rank Correlation with SPSS
Kendall’s Rank Correlation Coefficient
Kendall Rank Correlation with SPSS
Multiple Correlation
Multiple Correlation with SPSS
Does Correlation Coefficient Reveals the Relationship between the Variable Fully?
Review Exercises
8. REGRESSION
Simple Linear Regression
Simple Linear Regression Equation
Scatter Plot and the Line of Best Fit
Regression and One-way ANOVA
Simple Regression with SPSS
Multiple Regression Analysis
Multiple Regression with SPSS
Correlation Analysis vs Regression Analysis
Review Exercises
9. CHI-SQUARE TEST
Chi-Square Test
Data Applicable to Chi-square Test
Conditions for Validity of Chi-square Test
Applications of Chi-square Test
Procedure to Carry out Chi-square Test
Chi-square Test with SPSS
Chi-square Test for Goodness of Fit with SPSS
Chi-square Test for Independence of Attributes with SPSS
Review Exercises
Glossary
References
