Table of Contents
Working scientifically
The scientific method 10
Scientific progress 12
Science and society 14
Risks and benefits 15
Scientific models 16
Working safely 17
Planning an experiment 18
Measuring 20
Significant figures 21
Presenting data 22
Patterns in data 24
Conclusions 25
Accuracy and precision 26
Evaluations 27
Using mathematical models 28
SI units 30
Energy
Energy 32
Energy and food 33
Energy stores 34
Energy transfers 35
Renewable energy resources 36
Nonrenewable energy 38
Climate change 39
Trends in energy use 40
Efficiency 41
Heat transfers 42
Radiation 43
Investigating radiation 44
Conduction 46
Investigating insulators 47
Convection 48
Reducing energy transfers 50
Kinetic and potential energy 52
Conservation of energy 54
Transferring energy by forces 55
Energy and power 56
Calculating energy efficiency 58
Describing motion
Speed 61
Calculating speed 62
Measuring speed 63
Position-time graphs 64
Scalars and vectors 66
Velocity 67
Acceleration 68
Velocity-time graphs 70
Forces
Forces 73
Balanced and unbalanced forces 75
Resultant forces 76
Resolving forces 78
Mass and weight 79
Springs 80
Investigating springs 82
Deformations 83
Moments 84
Center of mass 86
Levers 88
Gears 90
More simple machines 91
Action-reaction forces 92
Fields 93
Law of gravity 94
Force and motion
Circular motion 96
Newton's second law 97
Investigating acceleration 98
Momentum 100
Elastic and inelastic collisions 102
Changing momentum 104
Stopping distance 105
Car safety features 107
Braking distance and energy 108
Terminal velocity 110
Waves
Waves 113
Sound 114
Oscilloscopes 115
Wave equations 116
Hearing sound 118
Investigting the speed of waves 119
Measuring the speed of sound 120
Using ultrasound 121
Sonar 122
Investigating Earth's interior 123
Interference 124
Light
Light and seeing 127
Comparing sound and light 128
Pinhole cameras 129
Reflection 130
Refraction 131
Investigating light 132
Total internal reflection 134
Lenses 136
Waves and refraction 137
Refractive index 138
Converging and diverging lenses 140
Correcting vision 141
Converging lens ray diagram 142
Magnifying glass ray diagram 143
Diverging lens ray diagram 144
Light and color 145
Reflecting and absorbing 147
Electromagnetic radiation 148
Radio waves 150
Hazardous radiation 151
Electrical circuits
Current electricity 153
Electrical circuits 154
Series and parallel circuits 155
Measuring electricity 156
Series and parallel circuit rules 158
Charge 160
Changing resistance 161
Investigating resistance in wires 162
Resistance in wires 164
Investigating resistors in series and parallel 165
Current and voltage calculations 167
Current and voltage graphs 169
Power in circuits 171
Calculating energy 172
Light-dependent resistors 174
Thermistors 175
Sensor circuits 176
Using electricity
Direct and alternating current 179
Electrical wiring 180
Fuses and circuit breakers 181
Preventing shocks 182
Electrical appliances 183
Energy use at home 184
Wasted energy 185
Power transmission 186
Static electricity
Attracting and repelling 188
Attraction by induction 190
Using static electricity 191
Dangers of static electricity 192
Electric fields 194
Magnetism and electromagnetism
Magnets 196
Magnetic fields 197
Earth's magnetic field 198
Electromagnets 199
Using electromagnets 201
The motor effect 202
Electric motors 204
Electromagnetic induction 205
Generators 206
Loudspeakers and microphones 208
Transformers 209
Matter
States of matter 212
Changes of state 213
Particles in motion 214
Heat expansion 215
Density 216
Finding the density 217
Internal energy 218
Specific heat capacity 219
Finding specific heat capacity 221
Heating curves 223
Temperature and changes of state 224
Latent heat calculations 225
Pressure
Surface pressure 227
Atmospheric pressure 228
Pressure in a liquid 229
Floating and sinking 230
Barometers and manometers 231
Pressure in gases 232
Pressure and volume 233
Pressure and temperature 234
Work and temperature 235
Atoms and radioactivity
Atomic structure 237
Elements and isotopes 238
The atomic model 239
Radioactive decay 240
Different types of radiation 241
Nuclear equations 242
Half-life 244
Background radiation 245
Radioactive hazards 246
Using radioactive isotopes 247
Nuclear medicine 248
Nuclear fission 250
Nuclear power 252
Fusion 253
Space
Structure of Earth 255
Seasons 256
Solar system 258
The Moon 260
Eclipses 261
Orbits 262
Galaxies 263
Observing space 264
Redshift 265
Expanding Universe 266
Big Ban or steady state? 267
Star life cycles 268
Classifying stars 270
Glossary 272
Circuit symbols 281
Index 282
Acknowledgments 288
