The Confederate Approach on Harrisburg: The Gettysburg Campaign's Northernmost Reaches
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The Confederate Approach on Harrisburg: The Gettysburg Campaign's Northernmost Reaches
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Overview
Capturing Carlisle en route, Ewell sent forth a brigade of cavalry under Brigadier General Albert Gallatin Jenkins. After occupying Mechanicsburg for two days, Jenkins's troops skirmished with Union militia near Harrisburg. Jenkins then reported back to Ewell that Harrisburg was vulnerable. Ewell, however, received orders from army commander Lee to concentrate southward—toward Gettysburg—immediately. Left in front of Harrisburg, Jenkins had to fight his way out at the Battle of Sporting Hill. The following day, Jeb Stuart's Confederate cavalry made its way to Carlisle and began the infamous shelling of its Union defenders and civilian population. Running out of ammunition and finally making contact with Lee, Stuart also retired south toward Gettysburg. Author Cooper H. Wingert traces the Confederates to the gates of Harrisburg in these northernmost actions of the Gettysburg Campaign.
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9781609498580 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | Arcadia Publishing SC |
| Publication date: | 11/06/2012 |
| Series: | Civil War Series |
| Pages: | 224 |
| Sales rank: | 1,024,227 |
| Product dimensions: | 5.90(w) x 8.90(h) x 0.70(d) |
About the Author
Scott L. Mingus, Sr. is a Civil War historian, author, and tour guide based in York, Pennsylvania.
Read an Excerpt
CHAPTER 1
Harrisburg in Distress
It was pitch dark as many of the senior commanders of the Federal Army of the Potomac huddled in council past midnight on May 4, 1863. Their topic of discussion would have been inconceivable to anyone in the group — or for that matter any soldier in the large Northern army — a mere week ago. Then, in the last days of April, the Army of the Potomac boasted over 130,000 men, an imposing size compared to the meager Southern forces opposing them. Nearly all were extremely confident in their ability to deal with Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. However, the sheer thickness of the so- called Wilderness — the dense, overgrown woods that enveloped the area west of Fredericksburg, Virginia, and south of the Rappahannock and Rapidan Rivers — seemed to clog the thought process of army commander Major General Joseph O. Hooker as much as it did the pace of his army's march.
Hooker, who had frequently boasted of his upcoming offensive, soon stalled his progress around the Chancellor house when a bold counteroffensive by Lee and legendary corps commander Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson stunned him. The battle took a turn for the worse for "Fighting Joe" when Lee dispatched Jackson as a flanking column. Stonewall's veterans reaped havoc on Hooker's bewildered army, whose right flank soon collapsed. Hooker's confidence and grand plans of a marvelous victory faded away before him.
So brought Hooker and five of the army's seven corps commanders to this unwelcome meeting. The befuddled Hooker thought of retreat and only that. "It was seen by the most casual observer that he had made up his mind to retreat," later opined Second Corps commander Major General Darius N. Couch. "We were left by ourselves to consult," recollected Couch. A vote was taken, resulting three to two in favor of offensive operations. Hooker sauntered back to the tent and, after being informed of the vote, announced that "he should take upon himself the responsibility of retiring the army to the other side of the river." That was only another step in the beginning of the end for Fighting Joe's tenure at the helm of the Army of the Potomac. With that move, he did little to soothe his subordinates' anger. As Fighting Joe lost the tenacity garnered him by his sobriquet, Robert E. Lee basked in it.
Harrisburg
Laid out in 1785 and incorporated as a borough in 1791, Harrisburg became Pennsylvania's capital in 1812. The town's founder, John Harris Jr., boasted to one traveler in 1788 that "three years ago there was but one house built," and soon it had become a rapidly growing town on the eastern banks of the Susquehanna River. "Harrisburg is most picturesquely situated," raved one observer. "There are few cities which in proportion have such a large number of merchants keeping retail stores," described eighteenth-century traveler Theophile Cazenove.
The lands watered by the Susquehanna are so excellent, that settlements are made hourly, and the farmers are generally supplied from here; also from here comes ... products, that go down the river in boats ... There is here a printing-plant, where an English newspaper is ... published every Monday and costs 2 dollars a year for subscription; a school, where I saw about 60 children learning from only one teacher, reading writing, arithmetic, grammar, etc ... A German church, where Lutherans and German Presbyterians have alternate services ... The county-jail had one prisoner, a thief, condemned to 2 years imprisonment, and 3 noisy negroes ... They are making the [new courthouse] building so large with the idea that the Pennsylvania legislature will hold its meetings here.
In 1794, during the Whiskey Rebellion, President George Washington visited the then-nine-year-old, rather insignificant town. "The Susquehanna at this place abounds in the Rockfish of 12 or 15 inches in length, and a fish which they call Salmon," Washington penned in his diary. After spending the night in Harrisburg, on October 4 he forded the Susquehanna, passing over Forster's Island, now known as City Island, in the middle of the river.
"The river from the [capitol] dome is the most beautiful I think I ever saw," noted another spectator. "The river studded with Islands covered with rich foliage stretches away as far as the eye can reach above and below the town while the two splendid, bridges, almost, or quite a mile long, add very much to the picturesqueness of the scene."
One of these two "splendid" bridges spanning the Susquehanna was the Camelback Bridge, a roughly mile-long covered bridge. In the early months of 1812, the Harrisburg Bridge Company, composed of many of the city's most prominent and wealthy persons, formed with the ingenious idea of establishing a toll bridge for pedestrians and wagons to cross the Susquehanna. The company contacted bridge builder Theodore Burr, who responded, "I am ... more than willing to undertake your Bridge, and can build you one, on the most improved plan which combines in itself conveniences, strength, Durability and eligance [sic]; for $175,000 every way complete and properly secured from the weather[.]"
Burr soon started work. On May 27, 1814, a sad reminder occurred of the dangers of bridging the mile-wide Susquehanna. Four men fell — one injured "pretty bad," breaking his leg — while three others suffered minor injuries, though Burr felt confident that they "will be able to work again in a short time[.]" In 1817, workers completed the bridge, which opened up a new line of traffic across the Susquehanna. The idea that had begun five years earlier had proved an extremely profitable venture.
It was not long before the Harrisburg Bridge Company had to compete with the neighboring Cumberland Valley Railroad (CVRR) Bridge, which initially allowed foot and horse traffic as well as locomotives. In September 1847, the Harrisburg Bridge Company accustomed its tolls to those of the CVRR Bridge:
Pheaton Pleasure Carriage or Sleigh drawn by;
One horse or mule, 25 cents.
Two horses or mules, 50 cents.
Four horses or mules, 75 cents.
Loaded wagon or Sled Carriage or Sleigh drawn by;
One horse or mule, 20 cents Two horses, mules or oxen, 60 cents Every additional horse mule or ox, 5 cents Each cord of firewood, 62½ cents
Single Horse and Rider, 15 cents Horse, mule, or donkey without a rider, 8 cents Foot passenger, 3 cents.
However, in 1850, word came that Robert Wilson, toll collector for the CVRR Bridge, allowed cattle and other stock to pass for a lesser toll than the rates the two companies had agreed upon in 1847. Naturally, the Camelback lost substantial business. The end result proved extremely profitable for both companies. On November 6, 1850, an agreement was signed that the CVRR would be paid quarterly an annual sum of $5,000 for the next ten years to ban all pedestrian, stock and wheeled traffic from its bridge and demote itself entirely to locomotive travel. Both companies enjoyed this transaction so much that it extended long past the original expiration date of 1860.
Defending The Capital
Harrisburg, with a population of fourteen thousand in the 1860 census, had certainly seen its share of war by the early summer of 1863. Three days after Fort Sumter had surrendered and the war broke out in mid-April 1861, Camp Curtin was established. It soon became the largest training camp in the North.
In the late spring of 1863, General Robert E. Lee and his Confederate Army of Northern Virginia were again plotting an invasion into the Dutch farm fields of southern Pennsylvania after he had been stalled at Antietam the previous fall. His goals included relieving Virginia of the heavy burden of being the eastern theater's main fighting ground, replenishing his army's subsistence with foods at the expense of Maryland and Pennsylvania farms, drawing Federal attention from other sectors and targeting Harrisburg, the capture of which had the potential of greatly embarrassing Federal war efforts. A combination of the above could give Lee a successful campaign and push forth peace talks for the end of the war and ultimately the Confederacy's independence.
Harrisburg was among the most promising of these options. It was, of course, a Northern capital, the capture of which would give the Rebels a major morale boost and an outside chance of foreign recognition. Camp Curtin was located in Harrisburg, which, if captured, would cut off a major flow of Federal reinforcements to the Northern armies engaged in the field. Lastly were the dozens of roads, bridges and railroads emanating from the city, several of which led to Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington, three cities that would have, if captured or substantially threatened, severely damaged any leverage President Abraham Lincoln still held to continue the war. "If Harrisburg comes within your means, capture it," Lee wrote to Second Corps commander Lieutenant General Richard S. Ewell on June 22. Capturing or threatening Harrisburg could significantly help Lee accomplish his strategic goals.
To protect Pennsylvania's capital, the Federal War Department assigned Major General Darius Nash Couch, a West Pointer and former corps commander in the Army of the Potomac. Born in Putnam County, New York, on July 23, 1822, he was raised with a common school education. He graduated from the highly noted West Point class of 1846 with George McClellan and "Stonewall" Jackson, the latter Couch's roommate. Couch was brevetted for gallantry and meritorious conduct in the Mexican War. In 1855, he resigned his commission to enter the copper fabricating business of his wife's family in Taunton, Massachusetts.
When war erupted in 1861, he became colonel of the 7 Massachusetts. Couch enjoyed rapid promotion when former classmate George McClellan took command. The New York native proved to be a steady and consistent commander as he led a division of the Fourth Corps in the Peninsular Campaign. In July 1862, illness prompted Couch to tender his resignation to McClellan, who refused it and instead promoted him to major general. Engaged at Antietam as a divisional commander, Couch commanded the Second Corps at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. He expressed disgust at the behavior of then — army commander Joe Hooker, who was largely (and rightly) blamed for the disaster at Chancellorsville. Couch reportedly "told Mr[.] Lincoln that he had served through two disastrous campaigns rendered so by the incompetency of the commanders as he had no faith in any improvement, he requested to be separated[.]" By one account, Lincoln even tendered command of the army to Couch, though he declined it.
On June 9, an order establishing two different departments was drafted; however, evident errors in the order required another edited order, which was released from the War Department the next day. Brigadier General William T.H. Brooks assumed command of the Department of the Monongahela, which embraced those parts of Pennsylvania west of Johnstown and the Laurel Hills, including several counties in West Virginia and Ohio, with headquarters in Pittsburgh. General Couch was assigned to the command of the Department of the Susquehanna, which consisted of the land east of Johnstown and the Laurel Hills, headquartered in Harrisburg.
On June 11, Couch left Washington and entrained for Harrisburg. When he arrived the next evening, he met with Pennsylvania's Republican governor, Andrew Gregg Curtin, and his council of military advisors. All understood the first task at hand was to raise volunteers. Couch proposed a proclamation that began by explaining the emergency. The document went on to detail that "when not required for active service to defend the department, they will be returned to their homes, subject to the call of the commanding general." Couch's order also incorporated a bounty system using the only enticing item he had because the department was desolate of funds: rank. It stated that any person who brought forty or more men would be commissioned a captain, twenty-five or more men a first lieutenant and fifteen or more men a second lieutenant. Instead, many showed up eager to be officers but with no men accompanying them.
On June 12, Curtin issued the first of three proclamations, confirming the rumors of a Rebel invasion and urging citizens to respond to either Couch's or Brooks's General Orders for troops. "The importance of immediately raising a sufficient force for the defense of the State cannot be overrated," Curtin declared.
Colonel Thomas A. Scott, aide and advisor to Curtin, recognized several flaws in Couch's call (which Curtin's June 12 proclamation advocated), namely its appeal to ordinary Pennsylvanians. As Scott's biographer noted, "There was a serious lack of definiteness about the whole arrangement." Volunteers were informed that they would be treated like Regulars while in the field and returned home when "not required for active service." Their terms of service were all up in the air. Couch's call essentially named terms of service within the parameters of at "the pleasure of the President or for the continuance of the war." Additionally, they would receive no bounty (other than rank) and no pay unless Congress (which was currently not in session) authorized so. In the latter, Scott acknowledged "a fatal weakness." Good-paying, fair-wage jobs were, in the words of Scott's biographer, "plentiful throughout the state. To expect men to leave lucrative employment to enter the military service without any prospect of immediate compensation was asking too much."
Even despite Scott's grim (and, for the most part, correct) assessment of Couch's proclamation, the morning of June 13 saw dozens of responses. One man in the 104 Pennsylvania Volunteers requested permission to recruit troops, and many others inquired about the terms of service. Garret G. Ramsey of the 3 Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery stationed at Fort Monroe requested that he be mustered out of service so that he could recruit a company for state defense.
Many of the respondents were clueless more than anything else. One Philadelphian penned the governor explaining that he wanted "to know how we are to recruit men," as well as what the terms of service are so that "we can tell the men for they all want to under stand the sistem [sic.]" It was tough enough to raise an army of fifty thousand men but much more difficult to do so in a span of roughly two weeks. These letters sent to Curtin are the epithet of that struggle. The invasion brought out well-meaning citizens who offered their service for state defense but knew absolutely nothing of military tactics. Requests frequently came for "any orders, or regulations[.]" Others were confused at the terms of service. "If I recruit I want to do it with an understanding as to the length of time the men must serve," one man informed Commonwealth Secretary Eli Slifer.
Many citizens had a distorted view of warfare, thanks largely to newspaper coverage of Confederate partisans such as John Mosby. One Philadelphian proposed to raise one hundred men to serve as couriers and marauders. "We will place ourselves under your immediate command," he added. "I think I can get a fine, intelligent set [of men] between 18 and 21 years of age."
Harrisburg's dire straits also attracted the attention of more experienced men. Lieutenant Colonel George Osborn of the 56 Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry (abbreviated PVI) in the Army of the Potomac requested to be relieved so that he could command a militia regiment. Osborn reasoned that because the 56 contained only three hundred men, it did not need the standard three field officers. He believed that command of a militia regiment "would render me more beneficial to my State and country."
Another respondent, a man named Jones, had served twelve years as a captain in the Royal Artillery, including commanding a battery in the Crimean War. The Brit had also served more recently in the 8 New York Cavalry and the 19 New York Independent Battery. Discharged from the latter due to ill health, Jones pronounced himself ready to enter a new endeavor. Jones was not the only foreigner whose application appeared on Curtin's desk. Arthur Wolff, a Frenchman with eleven years of active service (including seven in Africa) in the French army under his belt, also offered his services to Curtin. Formerly a field officer of the 1 Zouaves Imperial, Wolff was a member of the French Legion of Honor. "I want to strike one blow before I die for Humanities Freedom," Wolff explained. His résumé included being "decorated" by Queen Donna Maria of Portugal. "I am a Stranger, here without, friends or protectors, but am willing to pass the most strict escamination [sic] as to my qualification[.]"
(Continues…)
Excerpted from "The Confederate Approach on Harrisburg"
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Copyright © 2012 Cooper H. Wingert.
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Table of Contents
Foreword Scott L. Mingus Sr. 7
Acknowledgements 9
1 Harrisburg in Distress 11
2 The Defenses of Harrisburg 26
3 Southern Invaders 48
4 Carlisle Falls 53
5 Preparations at Oyster's Point 78
6 Jenkins Captures Mechanicsburg 85
7 The Skirmish of Oyster's Point Begins 91
8 Spies, Scouts and Traitors 108
9 Jenkins Reconnoiters Harrisburg 111
10 The Battle of Sporting Hill 118
11 The Shelling of Carlisle 134
12 After Carlisle 161
Epilogue 171
Appendix A Casualties during the Shelling of Carlisle 175
Appendix B The Death of Private Charles Colliday at Carlisle 179
Abbreviations 181
Notes 183
Bibliography 207
Index 219
About the Author 223