The Failures of Philosophy: A Historical Essay

by Stephen Gaukroger

Overview

The first book to address the historical failures of philosophy—and what we can learn from them

Philosophers are generally unaware of the failures of philosophy, recognizing only the failures of particular theories, which are then remedied with other theories. But, taking the long view, philosophy has actually collapsed several times, been abandoned, sometimes for centuries, and been replaced by something quite different. When it has been revived it has been with new aims that are often accompanied by implausible attempts to establish continuity with a perennial philosophical tradition. What do these failures tell us?

The Failures of Philosophy presents a historical investigation of philosophy in the West, from the perspective of its most significant failures: attempts to provide an account of the good life, to establish philosophy as a discipline that can stand in judgment over other forms of thought, to set up philosophy as a theory of everything, and to construe it as a discipline that rationalizes the empirical and mathematical sciences. Stephen Gaukroger argues that these failures reveal more about philosophical inquiry and its ultimate point than its successes ever could. These failures illustrate how and why philosophical inquiry has been conceived and reconceived, why philosophy has been thought to bring distinctive skills to certain questions, and much more.

An important and original account of philosophy’s serial breakdowns, The Failures of Philosophy ultimately shows how these shortcomings paradoxically reveal what matters most about the field.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780691241746
Publisher:	Princeton University Press
Publication date:	01/24/2023
Pages:	320
Sales rank:	1,017,476
Product dimensions:	5.40(w) x 8.40(h) x 0.80(d)

About the Author

Stephen Gaukroger is emeritus professor of history of philosophy and history of science at the University of Sydney. His many books include Objectivity, Civilization and the Culture of Science and Descartes: An Intellectual Biography.

Table of Contents

Preface xi

Introduction 1

Part I The Rise and Fall of Philosophy in Antiquity 23

Chapter 1 The Emergence of Philosophy 25

Coming to Terms with the World 28

A Presocratic Genealogy 33

The Transition to Philosophy 39

Outwitting Opponents vs Intellectual Morality 47

The Metaphysics of Morals 50

Moral Complexity 53

Chapter 2 Metaphysics as a Form of Understanding 59

Explanation by Essential Properties 62

Logic as a Route to Understanding 68

Epistemology and Morality 71

Chapter 3 Philosophy's Loss of Autonomy 79

The Good Life 81

The Undisturbed Life 88

The Vagaries of Platonism 92

The Christian Assimilation of Philosophy 99

Part II Philosophy Re-Purposed as the Ultimate Arbiter 109

Chapter 4 The Creation of an Autonomous Role for Philosophy 111

Philosophy as a Tool of Theology 112

The Revival of Aristotle 120

The Role of Metaphysics 123

Losing Control: Renaissance Naturalism 126

Regaining Control: The Abandonment of Aristotle 129

The Persona of the New Natural Philosopher 132

Chapter 5 From Natural Philosophy to Epistemology 139

Reconfiguring Knowledge 141

Optics and Representationalism 150

Knowledge of the World 162

Does Natural Philosophy Replace Sense Perception? 168

Chapter 6 Reason versus Sensibility 173

Contact with the World 175

Moral Diversity and Moral Complexity 186

Beyond Philosophy? 198

Part III The Decline of Philosophy and its Re-Purposing as Metascience 201

Chapter 7 The Retreat from Philosophy 203

The Perils of Metaphysics 204

Medicine of the Mind 217

Philosophy and the Shaping of Character 225

The Collapse of the Standing of Philosophy 227

Chapter 8 The Search for a Theory of Everything 231

Philosophy as a Theory of Everything 237

All or Nothing 247

Science as a Theory of Everything 251

The Quantification of Morality 255

Chapter 9 Science Assimilates Philosophy 261

Philosophy as a Metatheory of Science 262

The Logical Structure of the World 266

Rethinking the Nature of Philosophy 277

Conclusion 283

Notes 289

Index 297

What People are Saying About This

From the Publisher

"Philosophy in the present, Stephen Gaukroger shows, cannot be understood without history—not just its own history, but also that of other disciplines, which at various moments provided answers to questions that philosophy failed to resolve. This enormously important and illuminating book has significant implications for our understanding of intellectual change over time. The breadth and erudition of Gaukroger’s account, which begins in classical antiquity and ends in the late twentieth century, are simply extraordinary."—Thomas Ahnert, University of Edinburgh

"With great clarity and verve, Stephen Gaukroger presents not only a catalog of philosophy's ambitions and defeats, but also reveals how these vicissitudes came to pass. Successive and devastating failures have left us with a discipline that is now merely a metatheory of science and ‘a shadow of its former self.’ Gaukroger leaves us with the conviction that by recognizing these ultimately unhappy stories, we may be able to learn from them. Through its stunning sweep and erudition, this book is itself one source of hope in philosophy’s currently constricted times."—Michael Della Rocca, Yale University

"In this audacious and ambitious book, Stephen Gaukroger offers an overview of Western philosophy, from its very beginnings to its current state, emphasizing not its successes, but the failures that have led to its successive transformations. The Failures of Philosophy is a great deal more than a history of philosophy: it is an inquiry into what philosophy was, is, and could be, executed by a distinguished scholar who has spent his long career immersed in these questions."—Daniel Garber, Princeton University

"Most histories of philosophy are stories of progress. This book is a story of failures, not of ideas or theories that are corrected at a later stage, but of the very practices and self-conceptions of philosophy which result in its replacement by something else, such as theology or science. Elegantly written, philosophically insightful, and historically well-informed, this work offers a much-needed challenge to dominant conceptions of philosophy today."—Michael Beaney, University of Aberdeen and Humboldt University, Berlin

Editorial Reviews

"Gaukroger displays a remarkably broad range: his sweep of knowledge is truly impressive. . . . Many of his local observations are startling, in a good way; he asks those of us who study the figures he discusses to step back and reflect on their ultimate objectives, their successes, and, yes, their failures.

"—-Christopher Shields, MIND

"Gaukroger’s narrative is creative and convincing, extremely dense and elegant at the same time, based on a jaw-dropping breadth and depth of scholarship. . . . All this is a rather convoluted way of saying that to my mind, our losses are not as great as they may seem: the fact that we have Stephen Gaukroger’s brilliant studies to read makes up in no small part for the failures of philosophy."—-Jeroen Bouterse, 3 Quarks Daily

From the Publisher