Table of Contents
Introduction ix
Part 1 Roots
1 The crucible of colonialism 3
2 Africans in a colonial order 14
3 Tiyo Soga and voices from the 1860s 23
4 The first generation of activists, 1870s 33
5 'Deeper than his civilisation' 45
6 Isigidimi and the Native Educational Association 56
7 Imbumba Yama Nyama, 1882 67
8 New organisations in Thembuland 75
9 Mobilising along the Kei 87
10 Using the ballot box 95
11 Launch of the 'national newspaper', 1884 102
12 The Union of Native Vigilance Associations, 1887 112
13 Vigilance Associations challenge Tung' umlomo 121
14 'A Native Bill for Africa' 129
Part 2 The Creation of Wider Networks
15 The South African Native Congress, 1890-1891 139
16 'The Congress' versus 'The Union' 145
17 The 'Believers' and the British in Natal 158
18 Bloemfontein, 'Black Mountain' and Basutoland 166
19 Diamonds and the expansion of political networks 176
20 Gold and a new nationalism 187
21 The emergence of a national movement 200
22 Women in the struggle 213
23 Black economic empowerment 225
24 Playing the white man at his own game 231
25 Part of a global dialogue 240
Part 3 War and Change
26 The South African War, 1899-1902 259
27 New politics in the Transvaal 268
28 New politics in the Orange River Colony 278
29 The Natal Native Congress 285
30 Gandhi and the Natal Indian Congress 293
31 Cape Town and post-war politics 302
32 Growth of the South African Native Congress 311
33 Transkei organisations and Bhunga politics 319
34 Higher education and the future 326
Part 4 Unification
35 'Closer Union' and the Queenstown Conference, 1907 335
36 Preparations for the National Convention 346
37 The National Convention, 1908 355
38 Petitioning the National Convention 364
39 The Protectorates and Union 369
40 Responses to the National Convention, 1909 374
41 Plans for a counter-convention 379
42 The South African Native Convention, March 1909 390
43 Jabavu and the APO join the chorus, April 1909 398
44 Appeal to the British parliament 406
45 Preparations for the delegation to England 415
46 The Coloured and Native Delegation in London, July 1909 424
47 Birth of the new South Africa, May 1910 435
48 Dr Rubusana makes history 447
49 Attempts to cement unity, 1910-1911 455
50 The South African Native National Congress, 1912 466
Conclusion 474
Notes 485
Acknowledgements 542
Index 551
