The People's Place: Soul Food Restaurants and Reminiscences from the Civil Rights Era to Today
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The People's Place: Soul Food Restaurants and Reminiscences from the Civil Rights Era to Today
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Overview
Celebrated former Chicago Sun-Times columnist Dave Hoekstra unearths these stories and hundreds more as he travels, tastes, and talks his way through twenty of America's best, liveliest, and most historically significant soul food restaurants. Following the "soul food corridor" from the South through northern industrial cities, The People's Place gives voice to the remarkable chefs, workers, and small business owners (often women) who provided sustenance and a safe haven for civil rights pioneers, not to mention presidents and politicians; music, film, and sports legends; and countless everyday, working-class people.
Featuring lush photos, mouth-watering recipes, and ruminations from notable regulars such as the Rev. Jesse Jackson, jazz legend Ramsey Lewis, Little Rock Nine member Minnijean Brown, and many others, The People's Place is an unprecedented celebration of soul food, community, and oral history.
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9781613730621 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | Chicago Review Press, Incorporated |
| Publication date: | 10/01/2015 |
| Sold by: | Barnes & Noble |
| Format: | eBook |
| Pages: | 240 |
| File size: | 7 MB |
About the Author
Read an Excerpt
The People's Place
Soul Food Restaurants and Reminiscences from the Civil Rights Era to Today
By Dave Hoekstra, Paul Natkin
Chicago Review Press Incorporated
Copyright © 2015 Dave HoekstraAll rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-1-61373-062-1
CHAPTER 1
DOOKY CHASE'S RESTAURANT
* * *
2301 Orleans Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana (504) 821-0600 • www.dookychaserestaurant.com
Leah Chase was born in Rural Louisiana in 1923. She is the oldest of eleven children. Before "Mrs. Chase" — as she is known to locals — was a world-famous chef she was a boxing manager. On a warm afternoon in January 2014, Mrs. Chase smiles at the fading glimpse of that memory.
"Joe Louis came to my school, St. Mary's Academy [in New Orleans]," she says while sitting at a table in the kitchen of Dooky Chase's restaurant in the Fifth Ward. "He was boxing's world champion. He showed that you could do anything. I managed a couple of lightweights in the early 1940s. I studied all the [boxing] books I could find. You look at the shoulder, you got to sweat them out."
Mrs. Chase gets by in a walker, but it doesn't prevent her from preparing her famous gumbo and gravy on a daily basis at the most famous gathering place of civil rights leaders in New Orleans.
Mrs. Chase places her curled left index finger on the empty kitchen table.
She slowly shifts her finger along an imaginary checkerboard. She deals a satisfied smile. "When I was coming up you had to find your own way," she says. Her finger is frail but fast as it traces the past. "You go here, but that's not going to work," she says. "But don't move your finger off because if you move your finger off, someone is going to jump you. Then you go to the next one. And the next one."
She is always moving forward.
Mrs. Chase grew up in a black-and-white world but has made New Orleans a better place because of her understanding of colors. Dooky Chase's opened in 1939 as a bar at the corner of Orleans and Miro Streets in a neighborhood of African Americans, Italian Americans, and some Chinese Americans. In 1941 it moved to its present location.
Riverfront workers and longshoremen began eating po'boys, set up with Scotch and 7-Up. Sometimes Dooky Chase Sr. gambled with the workers in the back of the bar. Because of a segregated banking system the workers would also cash their checks at Dooky Chase's.
Mrs. Chase's gumbo has been the great common denominator.
"It is the gumbo that Creoles of color made," she says. "You go into any local home and you're going to have that same taste. You're going to have the shrimp, the crabs, sausage, chicken. And ham and veal stew. You had to make it hearty enough to be a main meal. The veal stew gave it no flavor, but picked up the flavors from the other things. It is soul food with all your heart. It's not the food, it is what you put into it.
"When I'm fixing this food I'm thinking of who is going to be happy."
She scolded Barack Obama for putting Tabasco sauce on her gumbo. In August 2006 the future president was the commencement speaker at Xavier University. He stopped at Dooky Chase's for lunch. "We told him you don't use Tabasco, uh-uh," she says. "George W. [Bush], what a kind man he was. Not a good president, but a kind man. Every time he came to New Orleans he sent security for me. We had dinner at Commander's Palace. They had me sit right next to him. After dinner he asked me to fix breakfast. I didn't want to do it, but how do you turn down a president? So I fixed breakfast here [in April 2008]. He brought the president of Mexico [Felipe Calderon] and the prime minister of Canada [Stephen Harper]. I gave President Bush shrimp and baked cheese grits, which he never had before. He loved it."
Mrs. Chase is also an avid art collector and dozens of paintings adorn the restaurant that is accented with white tablecloths and smooth Victorian chairs.
"Karl Rove [former White House deputy chief of staff] came in a couple months ago," she says. "He said, 'You know your friend [President Bush] is painting now.' I said, 'Can't tell by me. I don't see a thing by George W. on my walls.' [hearty laugh] All the presidents are well and good but they come and go. But it is the everyday person that never forgets you.
"That is what has given me the energy and courage to go on."
Doratha "Dodie" Smith-Simmons is sitting next to Chase in the kitchen. Smith-Simmons was a task force member of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), a test rider for the 1961 Freedom Rides, and a youth member of the NAACP. The Freedom Riders came from all over the United States on interstate buses to protest segregation, poor housing, and other shackled measures in the South. Smith-Simmons and Mrs. Chase are sisters of the soul. "Dooky Chase was the only restaurant that allowed blacks and whites," she says. "When I was arrested in 1961 for picketing at the police station our lawyers came here for food [fried chicken and shrimp po'boys]. We didn't eat jail food. The third time I was arrested was over Easter; Mrs. Chase sent baked ham, potato salad, green peas, everything. So I enjoyed going to jail!"
Mrs. Chase considers the not-so-distant past for a few quiet moments.
Then she says, "Deep down, I feel in some ways this restaurant really changed the course of America. This was a safe haven for all of us. We fed everybody. We had an upstairs dining room where people met. The Republic of New Afrika came upstairs and I said, 'Look, take your chip off your shoulder. I'm going to feed you, you're going to abide by my rules, and I'm going to respect you.' And there was no trouble with the Republic of New Afrika [a favorite target of the FBI]. Big Daddy King [Dr. King's father] always came here. Dr. Sam Cook [president of Dillard University, 1975–1997] used to bring in all the people and Big Daddy King. He was a stickler for introducing these people to his young students. Big Daddy King was fun. He'd say, 'Sister, I want you to come and cook for me.' I had a better relationship with him than his son.
"Dr. King was like a prophet. He didn't come to eat or drink. He came for special things. He would sit down with Judge Augustine, Dr. Mitchell, and Dooky at night. Thurgood Marshall would come and eat his gumbo and crawfish on the floor. Dr. King wasn't like that. It's like he was always on a mission."
Judge Marshall was a compatriot of civil rights attorney Ernest "Dutch" Morial, the first African American mayor of New Orleans. In 1954 Morial was the first African American graduate of the Louisiana State University School of Law. Morial and A. P. Turlow had offices in a former French hospital down the street from the restaurant. In the upstairs room of Dooky Chase's, Marshall and Turlow planned integration strategies in the Crescent City, with schools being the first target. The community became empowered when Morial became mayor.
James Baldwin wrote in the corner of the bar. James Meredith ate at Dooky Chase's.
"I'm here every day," she says. "I stay in the kitchen. I do all my own basic cooking. I get help because I can't carry the pots like I used to."
She stops and considers a secret. "I love the White Trash Cooking cookbook," she says. "It's a bad name, but those recipes are what they are. What the heck? I have Cracker Cookin' out of Florida. But I don't look at the foods as much as I look at the pictures of the people. You look at life the same way.
"You might not like what you see the first time, but look again and you're going to see something different."
* * *
Leah Chase was born in Madisonville, Louisiana, about fifty miles across Lake Pontchartrain. Charles and Hortensia Lange had thirteen children, but Mrs. Chase's older sister Claudia died at about eighteen months. And younger sibling Myra died at nine months.
"It was tough and then here comes the Great Depression in '29," she says. "So we had nothing but what my daddy could grow. He was a caulker in the shipyards. But his big thing was farming and planting. He loved the soil."
Charles Lange was proud of how even his rows of crops were. He told his children to plant every onion twelve inches apart. "That way the onions could grow real big," she says. "Food came to our table like that. You raised a hog primarily for the lard. If we got the hog to three hundred pounds, we knew you were going to get one hundred pounds of lard off of that. We preserved the pork by cooking it and preserving it in its own lard.
"I remember purslane grass. My daddy's crops were low and he didn't have hardly anything. So they had this wild grass. My mother would say, 'Go pick it, but don't let the neighbors see you doing that because they'll know we're so poor, we're eating this wild grass.' It cooked like spinach, really. So when I get up in the world and go to Citi's restaurant in California, I order the liver, twenty-five dollars a plate or whatever — here's purslane on my plate! Doggone it, I've been eating it free all my life."
The entire kitchen staff laughs.
"It's been a good life for me," says Mrs. Chase, who at age twenty-four lost the top half of her right index finger in a bout with rheumatic fever. "My daddy taught us to never worry and never cry in public. I remember when my mother died. He got home and went in the bathroom and cried. He told us three things: you pray, you work, and you do for others. Now, my mother was different. She was what old people called 'sassy.' She gave all us girls plaques, 'How to Be a Woman.' First, you had to look like a girl. You had to act like a lady. You had to think like a man — don't try to be like that man. And work like a dog! Those are the rules I have tried to live by, but I had a lot of help.
"Nobody can grow by themselves."
In the mid-1940s Mrs. Chase was attending a concert by the Dooky Chase (II) Jazz Orchestra. The trumpet player Dooky Chase (II) spotted her in the audience.
They married in 1946 and she began working in her father-in-law's kitchen in 1950. She was serving up the right food at the dawn of the civil rights movement.
Mrs. Chase reflects, "Even our own people would say, 'You're nothing but a cook.' They don't realize I'm feeding a lot of people so they can do what they have to do. I can energize them with my food and that is my contribution to their work. But we took it all for granted. You have to make a difference.
"And that is what I'm still fighting today."
And she is ninety-one years old on this day.
Mrs. Chase's work resonated across America. Her contributions are not lost on someone like Minnijean Brown, a Congressional Gold Medal winner and one of the bold Little Rock Nine who integrated Little Rock Central High School in 1957. "Her persistence is a form of activism," Brown says from her home outside Vancouver, Canada. "It is hard to do that over time. And she did it. Everybody can't march and do all the things that are thought of in activism. But people do things under horrible circumstances. I've eaten there. I have her cookbook. I have great admiration for this person."
Mrs. Chase says, "Martin Luther King died for me to work. He died for me to be part of a community. He died for me to get a good salary. Well, I don't get a good salary. But you make a difference." She nods to Smith-Simmons, who is listening from her right-hand side. Mrs. Chase says, "I will go to my grave admiring them [Freedom Riders]. I don't know how they did what they did. It energizes me. I just keep going. I can't give up."
Mrs. Chase was an early member of the NAACP. In 2011 the American Civil Liberties Union of Louisiana presented Mrs. Chase with its highest honor for her lifetime of work promoting racial equality.
A catalyst for the political activity at Dooky Chase's was "the Freedom House," operated by Oretha Castle Haley at 917 N. Tonti, two blocks from the restaurant. The Freedom Riders would stay at the house because they were in safe quarters. James Baldwin and Stokely Carmichael stayed at the house. They would meet at Dooky Chase's to mobilize college students. Smith-Simmons and Mrs. Chase believe a historic marker should be placed in front of the house.
"You met people who accepted you for what you are as long as they are good things. You don't change yourself. Dooky worked for the NAACP, he believed in that. But he didn't want to offend anybody. Ben Smith organized the ACLU here," Mrs. Chase says.
Dooky Chase's weathered the storm. The worst physical transgression against the restaurant was when someone in a passing car threw a pipe bomb through a front window. "They used to send us ugly things in the mail," Mrs. Chase says. "Such terrible things. This was at the beginning of the movement. We didn't have black policemen. My mother and father-in-law were popular. They didn't bother us much because they knew us."
A majestic picture of Dooky Chase II hangs in the bar. Every Mardi Gras day his band would perform in the bar. The doors would be wide open and people danced in the street. "When you think about how jazz moves your body and makes you want to dance, a good meal makes you want to dance and your body feels good about eating," Edgar Dooky Chase III says during a conversation in the restaurant's bar. "Soul food and soul music is the same thing."
Ray Charles referenced Dooky Chase's in his 1952 hit "Early in the Morning." The waitress he sang about was Virgi Castle of the Freedom House. "She worked the night shift at the bar," Chase III says. "And she had a way of keeping men in their place."
"Virgi was one of the strongest women I ever came across," Mrs. Chase declares. "They were very quiet at what they did [at the Freedom House]. I did take a stand as I do now for what I believe in and shout out when I don't like something."
Music could be a bonding force. The restaurant also sold concert tickets to the African American community. Chase III recalls, "In the 1950s and '60s before there was a Ticketmaster, if you wanted to buy a ticket for anything in the African American community you had to purchase your ticket at Dooky's. James Brown would come here and eat. We almost operated twenty-four hours a day. We opened at 10:30 in the morning and on the weekends we didn't close until 5:30 in the morning."
It took time for change to come to Dooky Chase's. "Even after the Civil Rights Act of 1964 things were still not integrated," Chase III says. "It gave us kind of a monopolistic market. Dizzy Gillespie, Duke Ellington, civil rights leaders would come. Poor people. NAACP people. Black ministers came here and became a political powerhouse because they believed they could organize voters through the pulpit. We went into every ward of the city and tried to register people to vote.
"Civil rights should be every man's right."
Smith-Simmons says, "The first time I was arrested in 1961 we had a sit-in at the police station and started singing. They said, 'Stop the singing.' And we sang louder and louder. So they brought the police dogs out. And we started [and she sings] 'Ain't gonna let no police dogs turn us 'round, 'round.' They took the dogs away and arrested us. That goes back to slavery days. Singing was like a prayer."
Mrs. Chase understands the sacrifices Smith-Simmons and other Freedom Riders made. She says, "Who wants to see your daughter going to jail? But they did what they had to do to move on and get the work done. We didn't support them like we should have. I fed them every day, but we should have given moral support. We didn't want our children going to jail. But they went to jail for us."
Smith-Simmons counters, "Our parents were the real heroes of the civil rights movement. If my mother had said, 'You're not going down there to picket,' Dodie would have been home. But they supported us. Dooky Chase's was the first first-class restaurant for blacks. The first Freedom Ride was supposed to end here on May 17 [1961]. We had a banquet scheduled for Dooky Chase's and this is where all the Freedom Riders were going to come. We had to feed them and that's where Mrs. Chase came in."
Mrs. Chase comes in and says, "I'm an old George Patton fan. He was tough."
* * *
Edgar Dooky Chase III was born on May 10, 1949. He grew up as a waiter in the restaurant.
"I first worked the bar but I was never good at the bar because I don't drink much," he says. "Most of the customers at that time were people who worked on the river. ILA [International Longshoremen's Association] workers. I thought you had to put ice in everything. I'd put ice in their beer and they'd say, 'What's with this young man?' so my dad said I couldn't work the bar.
"But the bar was a very big thing. The bar doesn't look the way it looks now, but people would be lined up about six deep." Chase III is wearing a sharp green tie that would put him at home at Pat O'Brien's in the French Quarter. His tie matches the green walls of the bar. "I love the color green," he says. "It has nothing to do with money or the Irish."
(Continues...)
Excerpted from The People's Place by Dave Hoekstra, Paul Natkin. Copyright © 2015 Dave Hoekstra. Excerpted by permission of Chicago Review Press Incorporated.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.
Table of Contents
Contents
Foreword by Chaka Khan,Introduction,
I UP THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER,
Dooky Chase's Restaurant | New Orleans, Louisiana,
Mother's Restaurant | New Orleans, Louisiana,
The Big Apple Inn | Jackson, Mississippi,
The Four Way | Memphis, Tennessee,
Alcenia's | Memphis, Tennessee,
Sweetie Pie's | St. Louis, Missouri,
II STORIED SOUTHERN SOUL,
Odessa's Blessings | Montgomery, Alabama,
Paschal's Restaurant | Atlanta, Georgia,
Lassis Inn | Little Rock, Arkansas,
Swett's Restaurant | Nashville, Tennessee,
Martha Lou's Kitchen | Charleston, South Carolina,
Africanne on Main | Richmond, Virginia,
III URBAN SOUL,
Marvin | Washington, DC,
Ben's Chili Bowl | Washington, DC,
Sylvia's Restaurant | New York, New York,
Ruby's Restaurant | Chicago, Illinois,
Baker's Keyboard Lounge | Detroit, Michigan,
New Bethel Baptist Church Kitchen | Detroit, Michigan,
IV VEGAN SOUL,
Original Soul Vegetarian & Detroit Vegan Soul | Chicago, Illinois & Detroit, Michigan,
Acknowledgments,