The Religious Revolution: The Birth of Modern Spirituality, 1848-1898

by Dominic Green

Overview

"An incisive study of the Western world’s shift from institutional religion to more personal beliefs in the second half of the 19th century . . . This is intellectual history at its most comprehensive and convincing." —Publishers Weekly, starred review

The late nineteenth century was an age of grand ideas and great expectations fueled by rapid scientific and technological innovation. In Europe, the ancient authority of church and crown was overthrown for the volatile gambles of democracy and the capitalist market. If it was an age that claimed to liberate women, slaves, and serfs, it also harnessed children to its factories and subjected entire peoples to its empires. Amid this tumult, another sea change was underway: the religious revolution.

In The Religious Revolution, Dominic Green charts this profound cultural and political shift, taking us on a whirlwind journey through the lives and ideas of Ralph Waldo Emerson and Walt Whitman; of Éliphas Lévi and Helena Blavatsky; of Wagner and Nietzsche; of Marx, Darwin, and Gandhi. Challenged by the industrialization, globalization, and political unrest of their times, these figures found themselves connecting with the religious impulse in surprising new ways, inspiring others to move away from the strictures of religion and toward the thrill and intimacy of spirituality. The modern era is often characterized as a time of increasing secularism, but in this trenchant new work, Green demonstrates how the foundations of modern society were laid as much by spirituality as by science or reason.

The Religious Revolution is a narrative tour de force that sweeps across several continents and five of the most turbulent and formative decades in history. Threading together seemingly disparate intellectual trajectories, Green illuminates how philosophers, grifters, artists, scientists, and yogis shared in a global cultural moment, borrowing one another’s beliefs and making the world we know today.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780374248833
Publisher:	Farrar, Straus and Giroux
Publication date:	04/19/2022
Pages:	464
Sales rank:	1,049,984
Product dimensions:	6.20(w) x 9.00(h) x 1.70(d)

About the Author

Dominic Green, PhD, FRHistS is a critic, historian and the deputy editor of The Spectator’s US edition. He writes widely on the arts and current affairs, and contributes regularly to The Wall Street Journal and the New Criterion. He is the author of the books Three Empires of the Nile, Armies of God, Benny Green: Words and Music, and The Double Life of Doctor Lopez. He lives in Cambridge, MA.

Table of Contents

Prologue: 1848 Great Expectations 3

Part I The Development Hypothesis: 1848-1871

1 The New Prometheus Socialists and Spiritualists in the Age of the Machine 15

2 The Stones of Venice Ruskin and Thoreau Against the Juggernaut 41

3 The French Revelation Baudelaire, Lévi, and the Romantic Occult 67

4 The Descent of Man Darwin, Gobineau, and the Meaning of Life 91

5 The New Chronology Whitman, Huxley, and the War for the Soul 119

6 The Origin of the World Wagner, Jesus, and the Racial Spirit 147

Part II The New Age: 1871-1898

7 Passage to India Madame Blavatsky's Empire of Theosophy 185

8 The Revolt of Zarathustra Nietzsche in Urania 207

9 The Eternal Return Colonel Olcott and the Modern Buddha 231

10 The Will to Power Afghani's Islamic Science and Other Conspiracies 259

11 Culture and Anarchy The New Age Education of Mohandas Gandhi 297

12 The Perspectivists Vivekananda and Herzl Among the Aryans 329

Epilogue: 1898 The Psychopathology of Everyday Life 369

Notes 381

Bibliography 411

Acknowledgments 425

Index 427

Editorial Reviews

★ 01/17/2022

Critic and historian Green (Three Empires on the Nile) delivers an incisive study of the Western world’s shift from institutional religion to more personal beliefs in the second half of the 19th century. He contends that interaction between “innate religiosity” on the one hand and science and technology on the other produced “the irrational appeals to salvation by nationalism, socialism, and racism that derailed the global civilization, once in 1914 and again in 1939.” Not all the era’s “isms” were so catastrophic, however. The Transcendentalism of Emerson and Thoreau, the Spiritualism of John and Margaret Fox, and the protofeminism of Elizabeth Cady Stanton either encouraged Westerners to take in ideas from the Middle and Far East or expanded the rights-based society first espoused by John Locke and Thomas Jefferson. Green also explores how Charles Darwin’s theories about the “common origins” of all species were disputed by “polygenists” including Josiah Clark Nott and George Robins Gliddon, who believed in “fixed racial differences” between Africans and Europeans, and documents how composer Richard Wagner’s racist ideas were eventually rejected by his devotee, Friedrich Nietzsche, whose conception of the Übermensch looked beyond simplistic moralizing and dubious racial claims. Throughout, Green draws illuminating connections between these transformational thinkers and briskly contextualizes the political, economic, and technological shocks of their epoch. This is intellectual history at its most comprehensive and convincing. (Apr.)

Publishers Weekly

"Brilliant, witty, enjoyably idiosyncratic . . . [The Religious Revolution] is “literary” as much as it is “historical”. . . Part of what makes Green’s narrative so beguiling is his strong sense of irony."

—John Wilson, National Review

"An incisive study of the Western world’s shift from institutional religion to more personal beliefs in the second half of the 19th century . . . Throughout, Green draws illuminating connections between these transformational thinkers and briskly contextualizes the political, economic, and technological shocks of their epoch. This is intellectual history at its most comprehensive and convincing."

—Publishers Weekly, starred review

“Dominic Green’s focus on the second half of the nineteenth century as the moment when humanity started to look in a completely different way at everything metaphysical is inspired. His erudition is extraordinary as he takes the reader through the sometimes weird but occasionally wonderful worlds of alternative belief systems, mostly respectfully but with a pleasingly satirical edge for the more bizarre ones. I suspect this will remain the standard work on the subject for decades.”

—Andrew Roberts, author of Churchill: Walking with Destiny

“The Religious Revolution must be the most rollicking intellectual history of the Victorian age. It explains that Darwin, Madame Blavatsky, and Gandhi were carrying out a kind of common project, and it reveals why Nietzsche considered Emerson his ‘Brother-Soul’ in nihilism. Dominic Green is a consistently witty writer, and his book moves at the pace of a really good Victorian novel.”

—Christopher Caldwell, author of The Age of Entitlement

“With magisterial sweep and authority, Dominic Green recasts our understanding of the nineteenth century, revealing the great spiritual hunger that powered the revolutions and cultural upheavals we know from the standard histories. This is a buoyant, important, and exciting book.”

—Ruth R. Wisse, author of Free as a Jew: A Personal Memoir of National Self-Liberation

“This beautifully written and deeply researched book by Dominic Green purports to be a work of history. But really, it is a work of contemporary spiritual anatomy. Green deals with a host of nineteenth-century mountaintops—Emerson, Ruskin, Nietzsche, Darwin, Whitman, and many others—but his focus is firmly on the human heart. This is a profound and moving investigation of mankind’s deepest and most beguiling longings. The Religious Revolution is a book not for a season but for the ages.”

—Roger Kimball, editor and publisher of The New Criterion

From the Publisher

★ 02/01/2022

Arguing that the mid-19th century began an age of scientific and technological discovery that spawned an era of frantic religious activity, historian Green (Armies of God) offers a sweeping view of the religious world that developed in the aftermath of Darwin's era and the scientific worldview he represented. Green deftly moves through descriptions of various philosophical and religious movements that define modern spirituality, with some diversions into art and science. Among the many subjects he treats are Friedrich Nietzsche; Madame Blavatsky and theosophy; John Ruskin and the Arts and Crafts movement; Eastern religions as they were transformed by their contact with the West; Gandhi; Freud; Zionism; and cubism. Green's narrative moves back and forth as personages appear and reappear as they influence or are influenced by others, and so he weaves a tapestry that brings together the various strands that the spiritual/religious revival exhibited in the 19th century, showing the interrelations and aspects of the thought of individuals which only come to light when they are seen in the context of their times. VERDICT While some of Green's interpretations might not stand up to academic criticism, he does offer a fascinating picture of the intellectual world of the late 19th century.—Augustine J. Curley

Library Journal

2022-03-11
Sprawling history of “an age that believed in the infinite advance of knowledge, endured the infinite emptiness of a universe without purpose, and succored a pantheon of new gods.”

Beginning with Emerson’s famed address to Harvard Divinity School in 1838—in which the philosopher “deliberately provoked the divines by contrasting ‘the Church with the Soul,’ and in a manner reflecting dimly on the Church and radiantly on the Soul”—Green explores the manifold ways in which traditional Western religion was challenged in the decades that followed by advances in science, contact with other cultures, social and political challenges, and the sheer power of individual personalities. “This is the age of the Religious Revolution,” he writes. “It is also the age of science and race. This is the age of the Religious Revolution because it is the age of science and race.” Indeed, science and race, in their broadest definitions, undergird most of this history, as Western intellectuals and spiritual leaders grappled with everything from Darwin’s theory of evolution to growing obsessions with the culture of India. Spiritualism, “the West’s first post-Christian faith,” plays an important part in this story, but only a part. More broadly, Green delivers a history of the 19th-century revolt against tradition, when feminism began to find its voice and both sexuality and socialism became more mainstream. These and many other changes found corollaries in the spiritual lives of intellectuals, especially, but regular folks as well. The author offers us intriguing glimpses into the lives, work, and interactions of such leading lights as Thoreau, Whitman, Marx, Baudelaire, and Freud, to name just a few. Green’s reach is perhaps too ambitious, and his prose and storytelling style are sometimes overheated. Still, his book is an interesting examination of how nascent globalism and resentful political machinations affected the spiritual tenor of the 19th century and laid the groundwork for movements in the 20th century.

A hefty, erudite examination of a crucial turning point in modern history.

Kirkus Reviews