Table of Contents
Acknowledgments ix
1 Introduction: Labor Migration, Community, and Family across Borders 1
An Overview of the Book 4
Biographical Sketches of Xaripu Labor Migrants 10
2 Theoretical Perspectives on Labor Migration 27
Structural Perspectives 29
Transnational Perspectives 33
Internal Colonialism 39
Moving beyond Traditional Perspectives 44
Interactive Colonization 45
Methods 55
3 A Social-Historical Context of Xaripu's Land Displacement and Labor Migration Experience 63
Origins of Xaripus 64
The Colonization of Michoacán (1521) 67
Mexican Independence (1810) 72
The Mexican Revolution (1910) 76
Agrarian Reform in Mexico (1917-1930s) 82
Bracero Period (1942-64) 87
Post-Bracero Period (1964-1980s) 93
Contextualizing Xaripus' Labor Migration in the History of Colonialism 97
4 The Logic of Colonialism in Modern Labor Relations 99
Colonial Labor in the Fields 100
Labor Conditions in California Agriculture 104
Out of the Fields 125
Race, Gender, and Colonialism in Modern Labor Relations 142
5 Haciendo Comunidad across Borders 145
Contextualizing and Conceptualizing Xaripu Transnationalism 146
Beyond Social Interaction: Convivir 153
Convivencia 154
Nepantla 163
Empowerment 174
The Challenge of Building a Cross-Border Community: Global Inequalities 180
6 The Family across Borders: Exploring Gaps in Perception and Practice of Gender Empowerment 183
Perspectives on Gender Relations within Immigrant Families 184
&iq;Quién Manda? (Who Has the Authority?) 191
The Division of Household Labor 199
The Impact of Transnationalism on Perceptions of Family and Gender Equity 203
The Complexities of GenderEmpowerment within the Family across Borders 210
7 A Pueblo's Search for Empowerment across Borders 213
Appendix 223
Notes 233
Works Cited 277
Index 309