The Young and the Elderly at Risk: Individual outcomes and contemporary policy challenges in European societies

by Ioana Salagean (Editor), Catalina Lomos (Editor), Anne Hartung (Editor)

Overview

This volume considers the important and timely question of criminal justice as a method of addressing state violence committed by non-democratic regimes. The book's main objectives concern a fresh, contemporary, and critical analysis of transitional criminal justice as a concept and its related measures, beginning with the initiatives that have been put in place with the fall of the Communist regimes in Europe in 1989.The project argues for rethinking and revisiting filters that scholars use to interpret main issues of transitional criminal justice, such as: the relationship between judicial accountability, democratisation and politics in transitional societies; the role of successor trials in rewriting history; the interaction between domestic and international actors and specific initiatives in shaping transitional justice; and the paradox of time in enhancing accountability for human rights violations. In order to accomplish this, the volume considers cases of domestic accountability in the post-1989 era, from different geographical areas, such as Europe, Asia and Africa, in relation to key events from various periods of time. In this way the approach, which investigates space and time-lines in key examples, also takes into account a longitudinal study of transitional criminal justice itself.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781780683430
Publisher:	Intersentia
Publication date:	12/23/2015
Series:	Social Europe Series , #34
Edition description:	First Edition
Pages:	258
Product dimensions:	6.25(w) x 9.25(h) x 0.60(d)

About the Author

Ioana Salagean holds a PhD in economics from the University of Nancy 2 in France and worked as Assistant Professor for M.Sc. IMPALLA. She currently works for Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) and the National Statistical Institute of Luxembourg (Statec) analyzing empirically poverty and living conditions in a national as well as a comparative perspective.Catalina Lomos obtained a PhD degree in Education from University of Groningen in the Netherlands, and she worked between 2011 and 2015 as an assistant professor in the International MSc in Social Policy Analysis (IMPALLA) and as a post-doctoral researcher at the Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research (LISER, formerly CEPS/INSTEAD), G.D. Luxembourg. Since 2015 she continues her work as a researcher at LISER, her empirical focus being on student achievement within the framework of school effectiveness research, and on cross-cultural comparisons implying measurement invariance. In addition, since 2012, Catalina has been closely collaborating with the Ministry of Education, Children and Youth in Luxembourg, in different national projects.Anne Hartung is research associate at the IRSEI Institute for Research on Socio-Economic Inequalities, University of Luxembourg investigating stratification and inequalities and previously worked as Assistant Professor for the M.Sc. IMPALLA at the University of Leuven, Belgium and LISER, Luxembourg.

Table of Contents

Abstract v

Dedication vii

Acknowledgements ix

Preface Wim van Oorschot xi

Introduction Ioana Salagean Catalina Lomos Anne Hartung 1

Chapter 1 Does Ethnic Capital Contribute to the Educational Outcomes of Individuals with Turkish Background in Europe? Sait Bayrakdar 9

1 Introduction 9

2 Conceptual framework and hypotheses 11

2.1 Ethnic capital as a resource 11

2.2 A comparative approach to ethnic capital 15

3 Data and methodology 16

3.1 Data source 16

3.2 Operationalisation 17

3.3 Methods 19

4 Results 19

4.1 Descriptive results 19

4.2 Regression results 22

5 Conclusion 25

References 26

Acknowledgements 29

Annex 29

Chapter 2 Young Adults at Risk in Germany: The Impact of Vocational Training on the Ethnic Gap at Labour Market Entry Anne Hartung 33

1 Introduction 34

2 Labour market differences in theory: justifiable or penalties? 36

3 The German "Dual System" of vocational education and training 38

4 Methods 41

4.1 Data, sample and variables 41

4.2 Estimated model 43

5 Successful transition from school to work in Germany? Empirical

Insights 44

6 Concluding remarks 49

Acknowledgements 51

References 51

Annex 55

Chapter 3 Poverty among Elderly Immigrants in Belgium Line De Witte Sofie Vanassche Hans Peeters 57

1 Introduction 57

2 Immigration history of current elderly immigrants in Belgium 59

3 Determinants of poverty in later life 59

3.1 Belgian pension regulations 60

3.1.1 Previous labour market patterns of elderly immigrants 60

3.1.2 Current marital status of elderly immigrants 61

3.2 Household composition of elderly immigrants 62

4 Present study 62

5 Data and methods 62

5.1 Data 63

5.2 Dependent variable 63

5.3 Independent variables 64

5.4 Analytical strategy 65

6 Results 66

6.1 Descriptive statistics: background characteristics, household composition, labour market trajectories and pension type according to country of origin 66

6.1.1 Demographic characteristics 66

6.1.2 Career type 67

6.1.3 Previous labour market career for employees 71

6.2 Bivariate analyses: poverty risk according to country of origin and gender 71

6.3 Multivariate analyses: poverty risk according to country of origin controlling for labour market career, marital status and household composition 75

7 Discussion and conclusions 77

References 81

Chapter 4 Integrating Life Course and Pension Policy Perspectives: The Case of Poverty Among Elderly Women Hans Peeters Wouter De Tavernier 85

1 Introduction 85

2 Incidence of poverty among elderly women 86

3 Family and career from the late 1950s in Belgium 87

4 Belgian pension regulations and the male breadwinner model 88

5 Hypotheses 91

5.1 The direct impact of marital history on old-age poverty risk 91

5.2 The indirect impact of marital and parenthood histories on old-age poverty risk 91

6 Data, operationalisation and method 93

6.1 Data 93

6.2 Operationalisation of variables 94

6.3 Method 95

7 Results 97

7.1 Descriptive statistics 97

7.2 The direct impact of marital history on old-age poverty risk 97

7.3 The indirect impact of family history on old-age poverty risk 99

8 Discussion 101

References 102

Chapter 5 Including Assets in Comparative Old-Age Poverty Research: How does It Change the Picture? Rika Verpoorten 107

1 Introduction 107

2 Sources of income for the elderly population 110

3 Including assets in the old-age income package 111

4 Research questions and hypotheses 113

5 Methodology 114

6 Research results 116

7 Conclusion 121

References 122

Annex: Simulation of the potential contribution from assets 126

Chapter 6 The Social and Budgetary Impacts of the Recent Social Security Reform in Belgium Gijs Dekkers Raphaël Desmet Nicole Fasquelle Saskia Weemaes 129

1 Introduction 130

2 The recent social security reform in Belgium 132

3 Simulating the impact of social security reform: a tale of many models 135

4 The budgetary impacts of the structural reform 141

4.1 Labour market and macroeconomic environment 142

4.2 Social expenditures 144

4.2.1 Unemployment, career breaks and conventional early leavers' scheme 145

4.2.2 Pension schemes 146

5 The social impact of social security reform 147

5.1 Impact of pension reform on the poverty risk of the pensioners 148

5.2 The impact of unemployment reform on the poverty risk of the unemployed 152

6 Conclusion 154

References 155

Chapter 7 Cross-Border Social Security Coordination, Mobility of Labour and Pension Outcomes Irina Burlacu Cathal O'Donoghue 159

1 Introduction 160

2 Using replacement rates to assess the income smoothing objective of the pension benefits: theoretical insights 162

3 Variation of pension systems in Belgium and Luxembourg and the implications of social security coordination of old-age pensions 164

4 Methodology 169

4.1 Definitions and discussion of pension replacement rates 170

4.2 Assumptions 172

5 Results of the analysis 173

5.1 Short-term replacement rates 173

5.2 Long-term replacement rates 175

6 Conclusions 177

Acknowledgements 178

References 178

Annex 180

Chapter 8 Do Self-Interest, Ideology and National Context Influence Opinions on Government Support for Childcare for Working Parents? A Multilevel Analysis Wouter De Tavernier 181

1 Introduction 182

2 Theoretical framework 182

2.1 Attitudes toward welfare states 182

2.2 Social care regime typologies 185

3 Data and method 186

4 Results 188

5 Conclusion 197

6 Limitations 201

References 202

Chapter 9 Individual Attitudes Towards Welfare States Responsibility for the Elderly Nathalie Schuerman 205

1 Introduction 205

2 Theoretical framework 207

2.1 Individual level 207

2.1.1 Self-interest predictors 208

2.1.2 Ideational variables 209

2.1.3 Perceived living conditions 210

2.2 Country level 211

3 Data, methodology and operationalisation 212

3.1 Data 212

3.2 Variables 212

3.2.1 Dependent variable 213

3.2.2 Explanatory variables 213

3.2.2.1 Individual level 213

3.2.2.2 Country level 213

3.3 Methodology 214

4 Results 215

4.1 Univariate analyses 215

4.2 Multilevel analyses 216

5 Conclusion and discussion 222

6 Future research and policy implications 223

Acknowledgements 223

References 224

Annex 226

Rejoinder: Is Intergenerational Solidarity under Pressure? Comparative Analyses of Age Cleavages in Opinions about Government Support for the Young and the Old Tim Reeskens Wim van Oorschot 229

1 Introduction 230

2 Age and opinions on welfare provision for the young and the old 231

2.1 An "age war" in Europe? 231

2.2 Mechanisms and contexts 232

2.2.1 Individual-level mechanisms 233

2.2.2 National contexts 234

3 Data and methodology 235

3.1 Data 235

3.2 Dependent variables 235

3.3 Independent variable 236

3.4 Individual-level intermediary variables 236

3.5 National-level moderators 238

3.6 Methodology 238

4 Results 239

4.1 Support levels and age cleavages 239

4.2 Mediation analyses 241

4.3 Explaining cross-national differences in age cleavages 245

5 Conclusion 247

References 248

Annex 250

Biographical notes 253