Timothy Leary: The Harvard Years: Early Writings on LSD and Psilocybin with Richard Alpert, Huston Smith, Ralph Metzner, and others
416
Timothy Leary: The Harvard Years: Early Writings on LSD and Psilocybin with Richard Alpert, Huston Smith, Ralph Metzner, and others
416eBook
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Overview
• Presents Leary’s early scientific articles and scholarly essays, including those on the Harvard Psilocybin Project, the Concord Prison Project, and the Good Friday Experiment
• With an editor’s introduction that examines the Harvard Drug Scandal in detail as well as a critical preface for each essay
On May 27, 1963, Dr. Timothy Leary and Dr. Richard Alpert were dismissed from Harvard University’s Psychology Department--a watershed event marking the moment when psychedelic drugs were publicly demonized and driven underground. Today, little is known about the period in the early 1960s when LSD and psilocybin were not only legal but also actively researched at universities.
Presenting the first collection of Leary’s writings devoted entirely to the research phase of his career, 1960 to 1965, this book offers rare articles from Leary’s time as a professor in Harvard’s Psychology Department, including writings from the Harvard Psilocybin Project, the Concord Prison Project, and the Good Friday Experiment. These essays--coauthored with Richard Alpert, Huston Smith, Ralph Metzner, and other psychedelic research visionaries--explore the nature of creativity and the therapeutic, spiritual, and religious aspects of psilocybin and LSD. Featuring Leary’s scientific articles and a rare account of his therapeutic approach, “On Existential Transaction Theory,” the book also includes Leary’s final essay from his time at Harvard, “The Politics of Consciousness,” as well as controversial articles published shortly after his dismissal.
With an editor’s introduction examining the Harvard Drug Scandal and a critical preface to each essay, this book of seminal early writings by Leary--appearing in unabridged form--shows why he quickly became an articulate spokesperson for consciousness expansion and an iconic figure for the generation that came of age in the 1960s.
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9781620552360 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | Inner Traditions/Bear & Company |
| Publication date: | 07/21/2014 |
| Sold by: | SIMON & SCHUSTER |
| Format: | eBook |
| Pages: | 416 |
| File size: | 1 MB |
About the Author
Read an Excerpt
Chapter 3
Reactions to Psilocybin in a Supportive Environment
Timothy Leary, Ph.D., George H. Litwin, A.B., and Ralph Metzner, Ph.D.
This article represents the early phase of Leary’s scientific work with psilocybin. After his initial life-changing experience with magic mushrooms in Mexico, the Harvard psychologist opted to completely change the focus of his research when he returned to Cambridge in the fall of 1960. Leary was convinced that psychedelic drugs were the new frontier for psychology and therapy and began to devise a research agenda that eventually became the Harvard Psilocybin Project.
“Reactions to Psilocybin Administered in a Supportive Environment” is significant because it represents one of the first attempts to move psychedelic research out of the medical environment and into comfortable domestic settings. The emphasis on the mind-set of the user (“set”) and providing a pleasant social environment (“setting”) was crucial. Leary and his research team provided “easy chairs, rugs, and cushions” as well as “a wide range of recorded music, books, paintings and prints.” In many cases, food and drink were offered to make the participants feel comfortable and at ease. Leary and his coauthors discovered that “bad trips” could be virtually eliminated if a supportive environment was provided for the subjects.
In the early 1960s, the “set and setting” theory enlarged the medical and therapeutic parameters of the psychedelic experience. For Leary and other progressive researchers, the science of programming “good trips” was the new paradigm for therapy and behavior-change advocates in the field of psychology.
--James Penner
Reactions to Psilocybin Administered in a Supportive Environment
From Journal of Nervous&Mental Disease volume 137, number 6, December 1963: 561–73.
By Timothy Leary, Ph.D., George H. Litwin, A.B., and Ralph Metzner, Ph.D.
In recent decades Western civilization has discovered that the ingestion of certain plants can produce astonishing effects upon human consciousness. This information has been held for centuries by certain non-literate tribes who have used the plants in religious and medical procedures. Interest in these substances has been stimulated by the achievement of chemists, most notably Dr. Albert Hofmann, of the Sandoz Laboratories in Basel, Switzerland, who have succeeded in synthesizing the active agents in these plants. Among these the best known are the peyote cactus, from which mescaline is derived, the mushroom psilocybe mexicana, the South American vine yage or caapi, and the seed of ololiuqui, also from Mexico. LSD-25, an ergot derivative, is an artificially synthesized substance with properties and effects similar to these others. The substance used in a recent study is psilocybin, a synthetic of the Mexican “sacred mushroom” introduced to Americans by the mycologist R. Gordon Wasson. The active ingredient, psilocybin, was synthesized by Dr. Hofmann. The physiological action of these drugs is not well understood, although some investigators have suggested that the common biochemical denominator may be the indole nucleus, which is found in most of these drugs and is also in serotonin. Joel Elkes provided an excellent review of the relevant literature.
Both from our own observations and from a survey of the literature one may conclude 1) that these substances are not “addictive,” i.e., although tolerance develops, no case of addiction has ever been reported; 2) they are neither sedatives nor tranquilizers--subjects often report heightened sensitivity to stimuli and excitability and there is no evidence that the drugs have anxiety-reducing effects; 3) they cannot be classed with energizers or stimulants, since although there is increased sensitivity there is usually a reduction in task-oriented energy, and subjects often sit very quietly. Although some investigators (e.g., Beecher) have classified these drugs as “psychotomimetic” (i.e., as inducing “model psychoses”), others have reported that “mystical” or “religious” experiences are produced (e.g., Wasson). It is clear from these disagreements that attempts at strict categorization of the effects of these materials are premature. It is the present hypothesis that the attitude of the experimenter toward the subject matter is an important variable. It influences the expectation or set which he communicates to his subjects, and it determines what kind of setting he provides for the ingestion of the drug; these in turn have marked effects on the nature of the experience.
Most investigators would, however, agree to the statement that these drugs alter consciousness. The purpose of the present research was to investigate some of the ways in which consciousness may be altered. The two major practical difficulties in carrying out such an inquiry are 1) the role of set and suggestion, mentioned above, and 2) the fact that both everyday and scientific language are extremely inadequate for describing altered states of consciousness.
Method
There are several ways of handling the problem of variability in expectation. This study is a preliminary investigation of unusual states which have little or no place in existing social situations. The writers have attempted to impose few preconceptions or rituals of their own on the experience, in order to obtain as wide a variety of reactions as possible. In other words, subjects (Ss) have been allowed to bring their own rules, roles, and games to the experience. In practice this led to a broadly conceived “naturalistic” setting.
To create a relaxed and natural atmosphere, the drug was given in comfortable home surroundings. Because the desired facilities were not available, the living rooms of the homes of the senior investigators were used. It was possible to close off these rooms from the rest of the house and prevent interruptions. All of the rooms were moderate or large in size. Easy chairs, rugs and cushions formed the basic furniture. A wide range of recorded music, books, and paintings or prints was made available. Food and drink were offered. Lighting and other such matters were left to the choice of the experimental group members. The only exceptions are the experimental sessions conducted for prison inmates, which were run in a large separate room in the prison hospital, furnished as comfortably as possible with beds, mattresses, tables, and chairs. Recorded music and some books were also available there.
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
Prologue: Which Leary Now? by James Penner
Introduction by James Penner
Part 1
The Trip in Cuernavaca
Early Utopian Writings on Psilocybin
1 Leary’s First Article on Psilocybin
How to Change Behavior
2 On Existential Transaction Theory
The Diagnosis of Behavior and the Diagnosis of Experience
3 On Set and Setting Theory
Reactions to Psilocybin Ad ministered in a Supportive Environment By Timothy Leary, George H. Litwin, and Ralph Metzner
4 Psychedelic Drugs and Creativity
The Effects of Test Score Feedb ack on Creative
Performance and of Drugs on Creative Experience
Part 2
Altering Human Nature
Psychedelic Drugs and the Concord Prison Experiment
5 Reforming Aggression: The Concord Prison Experiment
A New Behavior Change Program Using Psilocybin By Timothy Leary, Ralph Metzner, Madison Presnell, Gunther Weil, Ralph Schwitzgebel, and Sara Kinne
6 An Autobiographical Perspective of the CPE
The Effects of Consciousness-Expanding Drugs on Prisoner Rehabilitation
Part 3
Psychedelic Drugs and Mysticism
The Good Friday Experiment of 1962
7 Leary’s Mystical Turn
Religious Implications of Consciousness-Expanding Drugs By Timothy Leary and Walter Houston Clark
8 The Good Friday Experiment
The Religious Experience: Its Production and Interpretation
9 The World Beyond Words
Foreword to Alan Watts’s The Joyous Cosmology By Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert
Part 4
Bold New Frontiers
Leary’s Early Writing on LSD and DMT
10 Leary’s First Article on LSD
Introduction to LSD: The Consciousness-Expanding Drug
11 Leary’s Radical Theory of Reimprinting
Languages: Energy Systems Sent and Received
12 Leary and the Psychedelic “Nuclear Bomb”
Programmed Communication during Experiences with DMT
Part 5
Historical Documents from the Harvard Drug Scandal
13 The IFIF Manifesto
Statement of Purpose of the International Federation for Internal Freedom (IFIF ) By Timothy Leary and Huston Smith
14 The Zihuatanejo Project of 1962-1963
Rationale of the Mexican Psych edelic Training Center By Timothy Leary, Richard Alpert, and Ralph Metzner
15 Leary and Alpert’s Response to the Harvard Drug Scandal
The Politics of Consciousness Expansion By Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert
16 Media Reaction to the Harvard Drug Scandal
The Hallucinogenic Drug Cult By Noah Gordon
Afterword: Leary and Psychedelic Research in the Twenty-first Century by James Penner
Index