To the Flag: The Unlikely History of the Pledge of Allegiance

by Richard J. Ellis

Overview

For over one hundred years, it has been deeply ingrained in American culture. Saluting the flag in public schools began as part of a national effort to Americanize immigrants, its final six words imbuing it with universal hope and breathtaking power. Now Richard Ellis unfurls the fascinating history of the Pledge of Allegiance and of the debates and controversies that have sometimes surrounded it.

For anyone who has ever recited those thirty-one words, To the Flag provides an unprecedented historical perspective on recent challenges to the Pledge. As engaging as it is informative, it traces the story from the Pledge's composition by Francis Bellamy in 1892 up to the Supreme Court's action in 2004 regarding atheist Michael Newdow's objection to the words "under God." Ellis is especially good at highlighting aspects of this story that might not be familiar to most readers: the schoolhouse flag movement, the codification of the Pledge at the First National Flag Conference in 1923, changing styles of salute, and the uses of the Pledge to quell public concerns over sundry strains of radicalism.

Created against the backdrop of rapid immigration, the Pledge has continued for over a century to be injected into American politics at times of heightened anxiety over the meaning of our national identity. Ellis analyzes the text of the Pledge to tell how the very words "indivisible" and "allegiance" were intended to invoke Civil War sentiments-and how "with liberty and justice for all" forms a capsule expression of the American creed. He also examines the introduction of "under God" as an anti-Communist declaration in the 1950s, demonstrating that the phrase is not mere ceremonial Deism but rather a profound expression of what has been called America's "civil religion."

The Pledge has inspired millions but has also been used to promote conformity and silence dissent-indeed its daily recitation in schools and legislatures tells us as much about our anxieties as a nation as it does about our highest ideals. Ellis reveals how, for over a century, those who have been most fearful about threats to our national identity have often been most insistent on the importance of patriotic rituals. Indeed, by addressing this inescapable paradox of our civic life, Ellis opens a new and unexpected window on the American soul.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780700615216
Publisher:	University Press of Kansas
Publication date:	04/01/2005
Edition description:	New Edition
Pages:	318
Product dimensions:	6.12(w) x 9.25(h) x (d)

About the Author

Richard J. Ellis is the Mark O. Hatfield Professor of Politics at Willamette University in Salem, Oregon. His previous books include Democratic Delusions: The Initiative Process in America, The Dark Side of the Left: Illiberal Egalitarianism in America, and Presidential Lightning Rods: The Politics of Blame Avoidance.

Table of Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

1. Creating the Pledge

2. The Meaning of the Pledge

3. Spreading the Pledge

4. Making the Pledge Safe for Democracy

5. A Nation under God

6. Protesting the Pledge

7. One Nation . . . Indivisible?

Conclusion: Pledging Allegiance in a Liberal Society

Notes

Index

Editorial Reviews

An insightful, informative account of politics, patriotism, and—yes—paranoia. Indispensable background reading for civics classes.”—Booklist

“A thoughtful, thorough history of America’s most revered patriotic mantra. . . . Ellis reveals it to be the ultimate American paradox: a poem intended to unite the people instead has shown us to be a nation sharply divided over our own self-image. Recommended as a timely purchase.”—Library Journal

“A lively study.”—Chronicle of Higher Education

"Engaging and important."—Multidiversity

"An important, commendable addition. Lucidly and without jargon, Ellis comprehensively analyzes a century of debates about the pledge and their import."—Political Science Quarterly

"Engrossing and edifying. . . . This book offers a highly readable account of a complex and important aspect of our ever-so-mysterious political culture."—Against the Current

"Ellis carries the history of the pledge forward to contemporary times, including the still-evolving political interactions that revolve around this—and related—potent national symbols."—Bloomsbury Review

“Ellis deftly tells the story of America’s fretful civic poem. Along the way we encounter socialism, race fears, ethnic antagonism, patriots, millenarianism and bored school kids. Fine, thoughtful, and delightful.” —James A. Morone, author of Hellfire Nation: The Politics of Sin in American History

“A brilliant book that explains how Americans have argued deeply over the meaning of their loyalty.”—John Bodnar, author of Remaking America: Public Memory, Commemoration, and Patriotism in the Twentieth Century

“A fascinating and gracefully written book that should be required reading for all Americans.”—Martha C. Nussbaum, author of For Love of Country?

“This engaging and revealing history of America’s key patriotic ritual helps to explain why our ‘civil religion’ and civil liberties can end up on a collision course.”—Nadine Strossen, President, American Civil Liberties Union

From the Publisher