Table of Contents
Preface xi
Chapter 1 Perspectives on Hate and Violence 1
Hate, Prejudice, and Discrimination 1
Transforming the Terms 1
Prejudice Versus Discrimination 2
The Role of the Individual 4
Hate as a Justification for Violence 5
Social Construction of Differences 6
When Stereotypes Turn Nasty 9
Is Hate on the Decline? 11
Underestimating Bigotry 13
The Difference Between Small and Insignificant 15
Hate Crimes Are Vastly Under-Reported 16
It Takes Only a Few Bad Apples 19
Threatening Situations Can Inspire Hate 19
A Continuing Racial Gap 23
The Obama Factor 26
Is the Significance of Hate on the Decline? 27
The Environmental View 28
The Hereditary View 33
The Situationist View of Hate and Violence 40
Conclusion 44
Chapter 2 Hate Crimes 45
Motive Matters 45
The Hate Crime Statistics Act 46
The FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting Program 47
NIBRS Hate Crime Data 47
Why Now? 51
Pros and Cons of Hate Crime Laws 51
Hate Crime Laws Today 53
Federal Civil Rights Statutes 56
New Federal Legislation (2009) 57
State Hate Crime Statutes 58
Hate Crime Laws and the U.S. Constitution 61
Policing Hate Crimes 63
Seeing Hate Crimes 66
Intension and Extension of the Term "Hate Crime" 67
Classification of Hate Crime Incidents 70
Why is this Distinction Important? 74
Hate Crimes in Europe 75
The Roma in Europe 76
Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Violence 77
Conclusion 79
Chapter 3 A Typology of Hate 81
Hatemongers 81
The Role of Organized Hate 82
Hate from a Distance 83
Biblical Bigotry 83
The Militia Movement and White Supremacy 85
Expanding the Influence of Organized Hate 87
Dabblers 90
Getting a Thrill 90
Being Defensive 93
Getting Even 97
Sympathizers 99
Behind Closed Doors 100
An Eliminationist Anti-Semitism 100
Cultural Hate 101
Culture Transcends Generations 104
Spectators 105
The Failure to Act 105
Middleman Minorities 107
Middleman Minorities in the United States 108
The American Version of Spectatorship 109
Conclusion 112
Chapter 4 The Benefits of Bigotry 115
Protest by Proxy 122
Psychological Advantages 126
Enhancing and Protecting Self-Esteem 127
Reducing Uncertainty 132
Economic and Status Advantages 133
Getting the Dirty Work Done 133
Eliminating Opponents 136
Maintaining Political Power 144
Conclusion 145
Chapter 5 The Production of Rebels, Deviants, and Other Decent People 147
The Power of the Situation 147
When Normal People Do Abnormally Nasty Things 147
Fighting Spectatorship 149
Intergroup Contact 150
The Impact of Competition 150
Reducing Hostility Between Groups 151
Structuring Opportunities for Cooperation 153
Follow the Leader 156
Obeying Orders 157
The Role of Leadership 159
The Impact of Deviance 161
When Rebels Rebel 162
The Importance of Empathy Across Groups 163
Human Agency: The Ability to Create "Good" Situations 167
The Agentic Perspective 167
Collective Efficacy in Neighborhoods 170
Neighborhood Agency and Collective Efficacy 170
Conclusion 173
Appendix A Anti-Hate Websites 175
Appendix B Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act 177
References 189
Index 203