Waterlogging Signalling and Tolerance in Plants / Edition 1

by Stefano Mancuso, Sergey Shabala

Overview

In the last half century, because of the raising world population and because of the many environmental issues posed by the industrialization, the amount of arable land per person has declined from 0.32 ha in 1961–1963 to 0.21 ha in 1997–1999 and is expected to drop further to 0.16 ha by 2030 and therefore is a severe menace to food security (FAO 2006). At the same time, about 12 million ha of irrigated land in the developing world has lost its productivity due to waterlogging and salinity. Waterlogging is a major problem for plant cultivation in many regions of the world. The reasons are in part due to climatic change that leads to the increased number of precipitations of great intensity, in part to land degradation. Considering India alone, the total area suffering from waterlogging is estimated to be about 3.3 million ha (Bhattacharya 1992), the major causes of waterlogging include super- ous irrigation supplies, seepage losses from canal, impeded sub-surface drainage, and lack of proper land development. In addition, many irrigated areas are s- jected to yield decline because of waterlogging due to inadequate drainage systems. Worldwide, it has been estimated that at least one-tenth of the irrigated cropland suffers from waterlogging.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9783642103049
Publisher:	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Publication date:	02/24/2010
Edition description:	2010
Pages:	294
Product dimensions:	6.40(w) x 9.10(h) x 1.10(d)

Table of Contents

Part I Whole-Plant Regulation

1 Oxygen Transport in Waterlogged Plants Lars H. Wegner 3

1.1 Introduction 4

1.2 O₂ Transport in Plants: Some Basic Physics, and Modelling of O₂ Diffusion 5

1.3 A Survey of Methods to Study O₂ Transport and Related Parameters in Higher Plants 7

1.4 Anatomical Adaptations to Flooding Stress: Barriers to Radial Oxygen Loss 10

1.5 Anatomical Adaptations to Flooding Stress: Formation of Aerenchyma 11

1.6 Mechanisms of O₂ Transport in Plants 13

1.7 O₂ Transport in Plants: Ecological Implications 18

1.8 Open Questions and Directions of Further Research 18

References 19

2 Waterlogging and Plant Nutrient Uptake J. Theo M. Elzenga Hans van Veen 23

2.1 Introduction 23

2.2 Effects of Hypoxia on Nutrient Uptake 26

2.2.1 Physiological Effects of Hypoxia Change Root Elongation Rate, k, and Maximal Nutrient Uptake Rate, I_max 26

2.2.2 Waterlogging Leads to Changes in the Availability, C_li, and the Effective Diffusion Coefficient, D_e, of Some of the Nutrients in the Soil 28

2.2.3 In Waterlogged Conditions, Some Plant Species Show More Root Hair Development, Longer and Thinner Roots and Increased Levels of Infection With Mycorhizal Fungi - Effectively Increasing k 29

2.2.4 Waierlogging Decrease Evaporation and Bulk Water Flow, V_o 30

2.2.5 In Response to Waterlogging the Kinetics of Root Transport Systems, K_m and I_max, Can be Modified 31

2.3 Summary and Concluding Remarks 31

References 32

3 Strategies for Adaptation to Waterlogging and Hypoxia in Nitrogen Fixing Nodules of Legumes Daniel M. Roberts Won Gyu Choi Jin Ha Hwang 37

3.1 Introduction: The Oxygen Diffusion Barrier in Nodules 38

3.1.1 Nodule Morphology and the Gas Diffusion Barrier 38

3.1.2 Modulation of the Gas Diffusion Barrier 40

3.1.3 Control of the Gas Diffusion Barrier in Response to Sub-Ambient O₂ and Flooding 40

3.1.4 Mechanism of Regulation of the Gas Diffusion Barrier in Response to pO₂ 41

3.2 Developmental and Morphological Adaptations of Nitrogen-Fixing Nodules to Low Oxygen Stress 43

3.2.1 Secondary Aerenchyma Formation 43

3.2.2 The Inner Cortex and Infected Zone 44

3.2.3 Influence of Adaptive Changes on Nitrogen Fixation Under Altered Rhizosphere pO₂ Conditions 45

3.3 Strategies of Adaptation: Flood-Tolerant Legumes and Oxygen Diffusion 46

3.3.1 Tropical Wetland Legumes 46

3.3.2 Lotus uliginosus: A Temperate Wetland Legume 49

3.4 Strategies of Adaptation: Alternate Nodulation Pathways for Flooding Tolerant Legumes 50

3.4.1 Intercellular-Based Mechanism of Nodulation: The Lateral Root Boundary Pathway 50

3.4.2 Sesbania rostrata: A Model Legume for Aquatic Nodulation 51

3.5 Summary and Concluding Remarks 53

References 55

4 Oxygen Transport in the Sapwood of Trees Sergio Mugnai Stefano Mancuso 61

4.1 Brief Anatomy of a Woody Stem 62

4.2 Atmosphere inside a Stem: Gas Composition and is Effects on Respiration 63

4.3 Gas Transport and Diffusion 66

4.4 Radial and Axial Oxygen Transport to Sapwood 68

4.5 Sapwood Respiration 70

References 73

Part II Intracellular Signalling

5 p^H Signaling During Anoxia Hubert H. Felle 79

5.1 Introduction 79

5.2 p^H, Signal and Regulator 81

5.2.1 p^H as Systemic Signal 82

5.2.2 The Nature of p^H Transmission 83

5.2.3 What is the Information? 83

5.3 Anoxic Energy Crisis and p^H Regulation 85

5.3.1 The Davis-Roberts-Hypothesis: Aspects of p^H Signaling 85

5.3.2 Cytoplasmic Acidification, ATP and Membrane Potential 86

5.3.3 Cytoplasmic p^H (Change), An Error Signal? 87

5.4 p^H Interactions Between the (Major) Compartments during Anoxia 88

5.4.1 The p^H Trans-Tonoplast p^H Gradient 88

5.4.2 Cytoplasm and Apoplast 90

5.4.3 The Apoplast under Anoxia 90

5.5 Anoxia Tolerance and p^H 91

5.5.1 p^H as a Stress Signal - Avoidance of Cytoplasmic Acidosis 92

5.6 p^H as Signal for Gene Activation 93

5.7 p^H Signaling and Oxygen Sensing 94

5.8 Conclusions 94

References 95

6 Programmed Cell Deaths and Aerenchyma Formation under Hypoxia Kurt V. Fagerstedt 99

6.1 Introduction 100

6.2 Description of Aerenchyma Formation: Induced and Constitutive 102

6.3 Evidence for PCD During Lysigenous Aerenchyma Formation 103

6.4 Description of the sequence of events leading to induced lysigenous aerenchyma formation 104

6.4.1 Stimuli for Lysigenous Aerenchyma Development (Low Oxygen, Cytosolic Free Calcium, Ethylene, P, N, and S Starvation, and Mechanical Impedance) 105

6.4.2 PCD and the Clearing of the Cell Debris 110

6.4.3 What Determines the Architecture of Aerenchyma? - Targeting and Restricting PCD 112

6.5 Future Prospects 113

References 113

7 Oxygen Deprivation, Metabolic Adaptations and Oxidative Stress Olga Blokhina Kurt V. Fagerstedt 119

7.1 Introduction 120

7.2 Anoxia: Metabolic Events Relevant for ROS Formation 121

7.2.1 "Classic" Metabolic Changes Under Oxygen Deprivation Related to ROS Formation 121

7.2.2 Changes in Lipid Composition and Role of Free Fatty Acids under Stress 124

7.2.3 Modification of Lipids: LP 125

7.3 ROS and-RNS Chemistry Overview and Sources of Formation Under Lack of Oxygen 126

7.3.1 Reactive Oxygen Species 126

7.3.2 Reactive Nitrogen Species 127

7.3.3 Plant Mitochondria as ROS Producers: Relevance for Oxygen Deprivation Stress 129

7.4 O₂ Fluxes in Tissues and Factors Affecting O₂ Concentration In Vivo 131

7.5 Microarray Experiments in the Study of Hypoxia-Associated Oxidative Stress 132

7.6 Update on Antioxidant Protection 133

7.6.1 Low Molecular Weight Antioxidants 134

7.6.2 Enzymes Participating in Quenching ROS 136

7.7 Concluding Remarks 138

References 139

Part III Membrane Transporters in Waterlogging Tolerance

8 Root Water Transport Under Waterlogged Conditions and the Roles of Aquaporins Helen Bramley Steve Tyerman 151

8.1 Introduction 151

8.2 Variable Root Hydraulic Conductance (L_r) 152

8.3 Changes in Root Morphology and Anatomy 153

8.3.1 Root Death and Adventitious Roots 153

8.3.2 Barriers to Radial Flow 154

8.3.3 Varying the Root or Root Region Involved in Water Uptake 157

8.4 Volatile and Toxic Compounds in Anaerobic Soils 158

8.5 Water Permeability of Root Cells and Aquaporins 158

8.5.1 Plant Aquaporins 159

8.5.2 Responses at the Cell Level Affecting Water Permeability and Potential Mechanisms 161

8.5.3 Other Changes under Oxygen Deficiency that Could Affect Water Transport 169

8.5.4 Transport of Other Molecules besides Water Through MIPs Relevant to Flooding 170

8.6 Signalling 171

8.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 172

References 173

9 Root Oxygen Deprivation and Leaf Biochemistry in Trees Laura Arru Silvia Fornaciari 181

9.1 Introduction 182

9.2 Root O₂ Deprivation 183

9.2.1 Root O₂ Deprivation: Effects on Leaves 185

9.3 The Role of ADH 185

9.4 Carbon Recovery 186

9.5 Differential mRNA Translation 188

9.6 Effects on Cell Metabolism 189

9.7 Conclusions 191

References 192

10 Membrane Transporters and Waterlogging Tolerance Jiayin Pang Sergey Shabala 197

10.1 Introduction 198

10.2 Waterlogging and Plant Nutrient Acquisition 198

10.2.1 Root Ion Uptake 198

10.2.2 Transport between Roots and Shoots 199

10.2.3 Ionic Mechanisms Mediating Xylem Loading 200

10.2.4 Control of Xylem Ion Loading Under Hypoxia 201

10.3 Oxygen Sensing in Mammalian Systems 201

10.3.1 Diversity and Functions of Ion Channels as Oxygen Sensors 201

10.3.2 Mechanisms of Hypoxic Channel Inhibition 203

10.3.3 The Molecular Mechanisms of Oxygen Sensing in Plant Systems Remain Elusive 203

10.4 Impact of Anoxia and Hypoxia on Membrane Transport Activity in Plant Cells 204

10.4.1 Oxygen Deficiency and Cell Energy Balance 204

10.4.2 H₊ and Ca₊₂Pumps 204

10.4.3 Ca₂₊-Permeable Channels 205

10.4.4 K₊-Permeable Channels 206

10.5 Secondary Metabolites Toxicity and Membrane Transport Activity in Plant Cells 206

10.5.1 Waterlogging and Production of Secondary Metabolites 206

10.5.2 Secondary Metabolite Production and Plant Nutrient Acquisition 207

10.6 Secondary Metabolites and Activity of Key Membrane Transporters 208

10.6.1 Pumps 208

10.6.2 Carriers 209

10.6.3 Channels 209

10.7 Breeding for Waterlogging Tolerance by Targeting Key Membrane Transporters 211

10.7.1 General Trends in Breeding Plants for Waterlogging Tolerance 211

10.7.2 Improving Membrane Transporters Efficiency Under Hypoxic Conditions 211

10.7.3 Reducing Sensitivity to Toxic Secondary Metabolites 212

References 213

11 Ion Transport in Aquatic Plants Olga Babourina Zed Rengel 221

11.1 Introduction 221

11.2 Morphological and Physiological Adaptations of Aquatic Plants 222

13.3 Ion Transport 224

11.3.1 Cation Transport Systems 228

11.3.2 Anion Transport Systems 230

11.4 Root versus Leaf Uptake 230

11.5 Molecular Characterisation of Transporter Genes 232

11.6 The Relevance of Aquatic Plants to Terrestrial Plants in Regards to Waterlogging and Inundation Stresses 233

11.7 Conclusions 233

References 234

Part IV Agronomical and Environmental Aspects

12 Genetic Variability and Determinism of Adaptation of Plants to Soil Waterlogging Julien Parelle Erwin Dreyer Oliver Brendel 241

12.1 Introduction 242

12.2 Diversity among Populations: Adaptation to Water-Logged Soils? 246

12.3 Genetic Control of Traits Related to Hypoxia Tolerance 249

12.4 Genetic Determinism of Tolerance to Waterlogging and Identification of the Involved Genome Regions 250

12.4.1 Methodology of the Detection of QTL for Hypoxia Tolerance: Caution and Strategies 251

12.4.2 Major Loci Detected for Hypoxia Tolerance 256

12.5 Conclusions 260

References 260

13 Improvement of Plant Waterlogging Tolerance Meixue Zhou 267

13.1 Introduction 267

13.2 Genetic Resources of the Tolerance 268

13.3 Selection Criteria 271

13.4 Genetic Studies on Waterlogging Tolerance 273

13.5 Marker-Assisted Selection 275

13.5.1 QTL Controlling Waterlogging Tolerance 275

13.5.2 Accurate Phenotyping is Crucial in Identifying QTLs for Waterlogging Tolerance 278

References 281

Index 287