Wellington's Two-Front War: The Peninsular Campaigns, at Home and Abroad, 1808-1814

by Joshua Moon

Overview

Sir Arthur Wellesley's 1808–1814 campaigns against Napoleon's forces in the Iberian Peninsula have drawn the attention of scholars and soldiers for two centuries. Yet, until now, no study has focused on the problems that Wellesley, later known as the Duke of Wellington, encountered on the home front before his eventual triumph beyond the Pyrenees. In Wellington's Two-Front War, Joshua Moon not only surveys Wellington's command of British forces against the French but also describes the battles Wellington fought in England—with an archaic military command structure, bureaucracy, and fickle public opinion.

In this detailed and accessible account, Moon traces Wellington's command of British forces during the six years of warfare against the French. Almost immediately upon landing in Portugal in 1808, Wellington was hampered by his government's struggle to plan a strategy for victory. From that point on, Moon argues, the military's outdated promotion system, political maneuvering, and bureaucratic inertia—all subject to public opinion and a hostile press—thwarted Wellington's efforts, almost costing him the victory. Drawing on archival sources in the United Kingdom and at the United States Military Academy, Moon goes well beyond detailing military operations to delve into the larger effects of domestic policies, bureaucracy, and coalition building on strategy.

Ultimately, Moon shows, the second front of Wellington's "two-front war" was as difficult as the better-known struggle against Napoleon's troops and harsh conditions abroad. As this book demonstrates, it was only through strategic vision and relentless determination that Wellington attained the hard-fought victory. Moon's multifaceted examination of the commander and his frustrations offers valuable insight into the complexities of fighting faraway battles under the scrutiny at home of government agencies and the press—issues still relevant today.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780806141572
Publisher:	University of Oklahoma Press
Publication date:	04/15/2011
Series:	Campaigns and Commanders Series , #29
Pages:	302
Product dimensions:	6.30(w) x 9.10(h) x 1.40(d)

About the Author

Joshua Moon is a Major in the U.S. Army. Formerly Assistant Professor of History at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, he now serves in Texas.

Table of Contents

List of Illustrations ix

Preface and Acknowledgments xi

Introduction 3

1 Roots of the Struggle: The Campaign of 1808 13

2 A Second Chance: Wellesley's Return to Iberia in 1809 26

3 The Trials Begin: The Campaign of 1809 37

4 Waning Support: The Defense of Portugal, 1809-1810 54

5 The Crucible: Masséna's Invasion of Portugal, 1810-1811 71

6 The Tide Turns: The Pursuit of Masséna, 1811-1812 92

7 Exploitation: The Burgos Campaign, 1812-1813 122

8 Opportunity Arrested: The Campaign of 1813 149

9 The Final Act: The Invasion of France, 1813-1814 186

Conclusion 213

Appendices

A Cabinet Positions with Strategic Responsibility, 1808-1814 223

B French Army Commanders in Spain, 1810-1813 225

C Chronology of the Peninsular War 227

Notes 231

Bibliography 267

Index 275

Editorial Reviews

Great Britain’s seven year campaign against the French in Spain and Portugal (the Peninsula), has gotten considerable attention from both scholars, soldiers and scribblers of historical fiction for the past two hundred years. Yet no one (excluding the latter class of writers), until now,has focused on the battles that Lord Wellington fought with his own superiors, the Whig Party and even his own brother, Richard, who harbored his own political ambitions. In addition to these roadblocks were the economic problems facing England. By 1811, the cost of prosecuting the war had jumped to over £10 million; at the same time, revolts in South America were creating a world wide shortage of precious metals, specifically gold and silver. To hamper further Britain’s access to precious metals, France had, in early 1810, occupied and controlled Spanish silver mines in the southern portion of the peninsula. More demands on Britain’s gold reserves occurred in 1812, with the onset of war with the United States and Napoleon’s invasion of Russia. 

This second front would prove to be almost as difficult to win as the one against the French. Wellington, from a Northern Irish landowning family, was an easy target for certain newspapers and his victorious campaigns in India were viewed by the British high command as a minor achievement. 

This is a very interesting and informative look at the effects on strategy of home policies, bureaucracy and press scrutiny; war in a faraway place always under a microscope, especially today. —Past in Review

From the Publisher