Table of Contents
Introduction: The Dark Matter Problem 1
1 Some Background 5
1.1 Mass, Weight, and Energy 6
1.2 Distances in the Universe 12
1.3 Measuring Speed Using Redshift 16
1.4 Dark Energy and the Expansion of the Universe 20
2 Evidence for Dark Matter from Astronomy 29
2.1 Observations of the Coma Cluster 30
2.2 Orbits of Stars in Galaxies 32
2.3 Numerical Simulations of Galaxy Formation 38
2.4 Gravitational Lensing 40
2.5 1E 0657-56 and the Bullet Cluster 46
2.6 Light from the Big Bang 51
3 Normal Matter: The Standard Model 63
3.1 Panicles and Interactions 63
3.2 The Higgs Boson 68
3.3 Testing the Standard Model 71
4 What Dark Matter Is Not 75
4.1 Making Visible Matter: The Big Bang 76
4.2 Neutrinos as Dark Matter 86
4.3 Black Holes, White Dwarfs, Failed Stars, and Planets 88
4.3.1 Baryonic Compact Objects 88
4.3.2 Primordial Black Holes 92
4.4 Modified Newtonian Dynamics 96
5 Searching for Wimps on Earth 98
5.1 Dark Matter in Galaxies 99
5.2 Detecting WIMP Dark Matter from Elastic Scattering 101
5.3 Measuring Two Kinds of Energy 109
5.4 Detecting the Earth's Motion through the Dark Matter Halo 116
6 Searching for Dark Matter in Space 122
6.1 WIMP Annihilation in the Galaxy 122
6.2 Detecting Cosmic Rays 127
7 Searching for Axions 135
7.1 Why Do We Need Axions? 135
7.2 The Axion Dark Matter Experiment 137
7.3 The CERN Axion Solar Telescope (CAST) 141
8 Epilogue 146
8.1 Looking Forward: Current and Upcoming Dark Matter Experiments 146
8.2 Outlook 149
Glossary 155
Suggested Readings 167
Index 169
