Table of Contents
Tables and Figures xi
List of Acronyms xiii
Acknowledgments xix
Foreword Maude Barlow xxi
Context and Overview 1
Canada, Free Trade, and "Deep Integration" in North America: Context, Problems, and Challenges Ricardo Grinspun Yasmine Shamsie 3
Economic integration: Dubious benefits, troubling prospects 8
Costing free trade: Impacts on essential services and public policy 12
Costing free trade: Impacts on the environment and natural resources 15
September 11 and the deep integration agenda 18
Unholy alliance: The coming together of trade and security 23
Framing the debate: Integration, deeper integration, and even deeper integration 29
Revitalizing democracy, upholding the public good 32
Moving forward: Resisting assimilation, deepening democracy 38
Notes 44
References 47
Free Trade Allies: The Making of a New Continentalism Duncan Cameron 54
Politics, business, and the free trade agenda 55
Continentalism: Old and new 58
Canada and US hegemony 64
Contesting the new continentalism 67
Conclusion 69
Notes 70
References 71
Corporate Canada: Washington's Empire Loyalists Tony Clarke 74
Strategic lessons 76
Corporate restructuring 80
Security paradigm 85
Strategic bargain? 88
Conclusion 98
Notes 100
References 101
September 11 and the Deep Integration Agenda 105
Paradigm Shift or Paradigm Twist? The Impact of the Bush Doctrine on Canada's International Position Stephen Clarkson Maria Banda 107
Economic liberalization 109
Prevention: National security at home 110
Retribution and pre-emption: Military force for regime change 115
Conclusion 120
Notes 125
References 126
"Community of Law:" Proposals for a Strategic Deal with the United States Stephen Clarkson Maria Banda 129
Context: The political and economic conjuncture since 1994 130
After the shock: Fall 2001 132
Proposals for a new continental architecture 134
The big idea: Institutional dilemmas and political realities 142
Towards the big idea in small instalments 148
Conclusion 150
Notes 151
References 151
Fortress North America: The Drive towards Military and Security Integration and Its Impact on Canadian Democratic Sovereignty Steven Staples 154
After September 11: A world map redrawn 155
The assault on "human security" 155
The Bush Doctrine and the next phase of globalization 156
Corporate Canada rallies for a "big idea" 159
Building Fortress North America 161
The strategic alliance between the corporate and defence lobbies 162
Background to Canada-US continental military cooperation 164
New commands and the Bi-National Planning Group 167
National Missile Defence 170
Confronting the military-corporate lobby 172
A reinvigorated movement is needed 175
Notes 176
References 177
Risking Rights: An Assessment of Canadian Border Security Policies Sharryn J. Aiken 180
Securing the nation with immigration law 182
Border (in)security 188
Racial profiling 192
Conclusion 200
Notes 202
References 203
Free Trade: Economic and Labour Impacts 209
From Leaps of Faith to Hard Landings: Fifteen Years of "Free Trade" Andrew Jackson 211
The great free trade debate 212
Downward harmonization: Social dimensions of the integrated economic space 221
Moving forward 230
Afternote 231
Notes 232
References 232
Critical Macroeconomic Aspects of Deepening North American Economic Integration Mario Seccareccia 234
North American commercial integration: Some stylized facts 236
Macroeconomic policies: The record 241
Greater North American monetary integration? 250
Conclusion 252
Notes 253
References 256
All Pain, No Gain: Canadian Labour in the Integrated North American Economy David Robinson 259
The lost decade: The labour market in the 1990s 260
Explaining the great Canadian slump of the 1990s 265
The impact of economic integration on labour standards 272
Conclusion: Which way for labour? 275
Notes 276
References 277
The Costs and Benefits of a Canada-US Customs Union Marc Lee 280
Customs union and economic integration 281
Eliminating rules of origin 285
The downside of "common" trade policy 287
US trade remedy laws, retaliation and harassment 290
Assessing the bargain 291
Notes 293
References 294
Free Trade: Impacts on Public Policy and Culture 297
An International Bill of Rights for Foreign Investors Steven Shrybman 299
The special case of foreign investment treaties 299
A revolutionary expansion of investor rights 300
Deploying investor rights 302
Investor rights and public services 304
P3s, privatization, and investor rights 305
Contracting out of NAFTA? 309
Investor rights in search of a rationale 310
The uncertain future of foreign investor rights 312
Human rights not corporate rights 313
Notes 313
References 314
Impact of Trade Agreements on Subnational Governments Kathy Corrigan 317
Trade agreements: CUFTA, NAFTA, WTO and AIT 317
Education and privatization 327
Trade agreements and municipalities 333
What happens next? 337
Notes 339
References 340
Trade Treaties, Privatization, and Health Care Reform in Canada Jim Grieshaber-Otto Scott Sinclair Ricardo Grinspun 343
Unsafe practices: Underfunding, commercialization, and decentralization 344
Recent government reports on health care reform 348
Hazardous mixture: Existing trade treaties and health care reform 351
Looming challenges: New trade treaty negotiations 358
Conclusion: Towards healthy health care reform 364
Notes 367
References 368
Free Trade and Deep Integration in North America: Saving Canadian Culture Garry Neil 371
The Canadian cultural dilemma 372
Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement: The sell-out begins 375
Pressure on Canadian cultural policies continues 379
Erosion of foreign ownership limits 383
Defending against cultural assimilation 385
Convention on cultural diversity 386
Notes 388
References 389
Free Trade and Quebec Models of Development Dorval Brunelle Benoit Levesque 391
The Quiet Revolution 391
Free trade in context 394
The emergence of a second-generation development model 395
Conclusion 400
Notes 402
References 404
Deep Integration: Impacts on Environment, Energy, and Patent Law 407
Breaking the Free Trade Addiction: An Intervention on Environmental Grounds Elizabeth May Sarah Dover 409
What we are losing: The state of Canada's environment 411
Who knew? Looking back on the establishment of NAFTA 414
On the sideline: NAFTA's environmental institutions 417
The failure of strategic environmental assessment of trade agreements 419
NAFTA and the (in)ability to respond to the environmental crisis 421
NAFTA, climate change, and the appetite for oil 424
Taking bad to worse: "The big, stupid idea" 430
Conclusion 433
Notes 434
References 435
Imperialist Regulation: US Electricity Market Designs and Their Problems for Canada and Mexico Marjorie Griffin Cohen 439
The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) 440
Regional Transmission Organizations (RTOs) 442
Creating larger markets 446
The electricity debate in Mexico 448
Canada's regulatory system 450
Conclusion 453
Notes 454
References 456
Pipelines and Pipe Dreams: Energy and Continental Security Larry Pratt 459
A match made in heaven 462
Deregulation, NAFTA, and the promotion of exports 466
Corporate strategies: Pressures to export 470
Limits to integration 473
Conclusion 477
Notes 478
References 479
Of Harvard Mice and Prairie Farmers: Canadian Patents on Life Michelle Swenarchuk 481
What is a patent? 482
The life patents debate 483
Life patent reform proposals 493
Conclusion 495
References 496
The Way Forward: Building a Movement, Developing Alternatives 499
Challenging the Forces of Deep Integration Murray Dobbin 501
The facts on the ground: The materialist and political reality of assimilation 503
The record of the left in challenging the right's hegemony 505
The right's hegemonic campaigns 507
Fighting deep integration as a counter-hegemonic struggle 512
The left's organizational dilemma 517
The struggle against deep integration: The Americanization of Canada 519
Notes 526
References 527
Managing Canada-us Relations: An Alternative to Deep Integration Bruce Campbell 529
Living with NAFTA: Constraints on policy freedom 531
Can the current course be altered? 532
Elements of an action plan 534
Deep integration under the Martin Liberals 539
Conclusion 542
Notes 544
References 544
Contributors 547
Index 553