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Overview
The Great Western Railway struggled with what was called 'the women question' for many years. It had heartily agreed with The Railway Sheet and Official Gazette that 'the first aim of women's existence is marriage, that accomplished, the next is ordering her home'. Yet women were the cheapest form of labour, apart from young girls, presenting the company with a dilemma and the GWR finally succumbed to allowing women to work after heavy external pressures. Using over 100 pictures, Swindon author Rosa Matheson traces the development of this problematic relationship, from its beginnings in the 1870s when women were employed as sewers and netters at Swindon Works, through the changes wrought by the two world wars and the entry of women into railway offices - fiercely opposed by the company and by the unions and many men who resented sharing the lowly paid but prestigious title of 'clerk' with women. The book also uses many original documents and forms as well as written and oral testimonies providing first-hand insights into the women's experiences.
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9780752474328 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | The History Press |
| Publication date: | 10/24/2011 |
| Sold by: | Barnes & Noble |
| Format: | eBook |
| Pages: | 160 |
| File size: | 4 MB |
| Age Range: | 9 - 12 Years |
About the Author
Read an Excerpt
Women and the Great Western Railway
The Fair Sex
By Rosa Matheson
The History Press
Copyright © 2012 Rosa MathesonAll rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-7524-7432-8
CHAPTER 1
The GWR and Women
The Great Western Railway, the GWR, or 'God's Wonderful Railway' as many love to call it (but 'God Wot Rot' as it detractors like to mutter), is a name that even today, sixty years after its demise at the end of 1947, is still on everyone's lips. It is a name that still inspires awe and wonder. A name that brings pangs of nostalgia for 'old times'. It is a name that conjures up the magic of the railways. It is also a name, being inextricably linked with the famous Isambard Kingdom Brunel, that evokes quality – quality of achievements, quality of tradesmen, quality of company. It is said that it was Brunel, then a twenty-seven-year-old engineer employed by the company, who gave it the name 'The Great Western Railway', but its vision belonged to four businessmen of Bristol, George Jones, John Harford, Thomas Richard Guppy and William Tohill who resolved to push forward the interest in establishing a railway line between Bristol and London. By January 1833 they had got together a committee of fifteen men, representing the various commercial and corporation interests of Bristol, who agreed to provide funds for a preliminary survey and estimation of the costing for such an undertaking. Brunel was taken on for this purpose. The rest, as they say, is history. The GWR grew into being and, like other railway companies, underwent many heroic struggles for survival. It played a huge role in both world wars and was the only railway company to keep its name and identity after the 'Grouping', which came into operation on 1 January 1923, when some 120-plus separate railways were amalgamated into 'The Big Four'. These were the London, Midland & Scottish Railway (LMS), the London & North Eastern Railway (LNER), the Southern Railway and the GWR. Such was its impact that long after its demise when nationalised on 1 January 1948, people still thought of British Rail Western Region as the Great Western Railway and that they worked for the GWR.
The railways are a masculine world; railways and railwaymen are synonymous. They go together like bacon and eggs, a favourite engine driver's breakfast cooked on the fireman's shovel. Women's entry as paid workers into such a world was never going to be easy. Society, the unions, the men, the companies and especially the GWR were unsympathetic and defensive. Generations of men were born into 'railwayhood'. It is said that GWR's railwaymen were born with GWR stamped on their bottoms. Many women were born into railwayhood, too. They also came from generations of railway families. They worked on the railways and for the GWR. Mrs Nora Hunt was one. She wrote of her family at Swindon Works:
My father became a roof canvaser on coaches and insulated meat wagons ... my brother, born 1900, became the youngest foreman in the railway as oil tester and inspector at the oil and grease works ... My sister became a clerk in the General Manager's office ... I had an uncle who worked in the Brass Foundry ... My sister's husband was a fitter and turner ... my sister-in-law's husband was a wonderful cabinet maker and wood artist. My contribution came in 1927 when at sixteen I entered the railway company as a shorthand typist in the Chief Accountant's Audit Office. We were a family who helped to run 'God's Wonderful Railway' so that all could share This England.
Despite all this women did not achieve an identity as railwaywomen, certainly during the GWR's time. One has to wonder why?' One explanation given to me by a railwayman is that a railway identity could not be achieved overnight; it came with 'putting in the time' and women's time on the railways had been, overall, temporary in nature, so there was not enough time 'put in'! Another explanation often offered is that women did not come into the railways until the First World War and there were not enough of them to create a collective identity as railwaywomen. This is a widely held but misguided belief as women did work on the railways a long time before the First World War. Whilst it is true the numbers were not vast, they were still significant and still a fact. Edwin Pratt states that at the outbreak of the First World War, the number of women workers employed by the 'whole of the British railway companies' – around 160 at this time, including the GWR – was 13,046. Most of them were employed in what Pratt described as 'other capacities', such as waitresses, hotel staff, charwomen, washerwomen and waiting-room attendants, all traditional areas for railwaywomen workers. Another little known fact is that the GWR had employed women at Swindon Works decades before 1914, in their trimming shop from the 1870s and the laundry, from the 1890s, as well as in some offices up and down the line from 1906.
The story of GWR and women's employment is like a 'game of two halves', with a different team coming out to play after the break. The first half sees them leaping quickly into action to create employment for young girls in their workshops, admittedly in order to improve their recruitment and retention of skilled male employees, but nevertheless, being decisive, quick and positive. The second half is entirely different. Here we see them passing the ball from pillar to post and asking questions such as: 'what do you think?' 'what do other companies think?' and 'what should we do?' They then went through the process of thinking about it for a very long time, completely losing the ball, before warily deciding to aim at the goal and carry out 'an experiment'! The major factor in this different behaviour is that of class. The GWR were seemingly happy to have working-class women in their workshops, but unhappy about having middle-class women in their offices.
The thinking and implementing of 'the woman question' caused the GWR a great deal of concern and their anxieties did not dissipate once 'the fair sex', as the GWR liked to refer to them, had been established in the offices – in fact the welfare of female employees continued to trouble the GWR throughout its life, particularly in respect of sexual dynamics. Difficulties in relation to this 'very objectionable' situation continued to surface over the decades, even to the extent of affecting working practices and bringing about policy changes. The Staff Committee Minutes during both war periods and women's personal experiences at other times highlight these difficulties. During the First World War, as the number of female employees dramatically increased, 'the female situation' was once again focused upon. Staff Committee Minute No.366 – Women Welfare Representatives – stipulates that it is 'desirable in the larger departments to nominate one woman to exercise general oversight of the female staff'. The focus of this oversight was to be 'in regard to the conditions in which they work, to prevent waste of time in the retiring rooms and to generally ensure that the employment of women shall not give rise to undesirable consequences'. It does not specify what it considers 'undesirable consequences', but it would have related to any kind of contact with the men. In the Second World War these undesirable matters were still on the minds of the Company and to help deal with them a 'Welfare Supervisor for Women and Girls under the Staff and Establishment Officer', namely Miss Emily Brenan, was put in place in 1941. Her job was to deal with 'all matters affecting the welfare of all grades of women and girls throughout the Great Western system'. Miss Brenan was a very qualified and experienced lady. She had graduated from Cambridge University with an Honours Degree in Economics before spending seven years on the staff of the League of Nations at Geneva. During that time she was part of a special research mission under the Rockefeller Foundation and travelled all over the continent and in America. On her return to England she took a post as a divisional welfare supervisor with the LMS which she held for seven years. The Magazine notes that: 'Miss Brenan is eminently suited to the important post to which she has been appointed.' Her effectiveness can be seen from the number of times her name crops up in the Staff Committee Minutes, many of which note 'refer to Women's Welfare Officer'.
The 'black coat' and 'white blouse' brigade of the signal engineer's office, Reading, 1919. These eight young women are very relaxed in their office wear, their necklines are surprisingly low and their hemlines somewhat high. Compare these to the high collars and ties of the female clerks at Swindon Works – perhaps the Reading ladies have become emboldened by their wartime experiences and working in close proximity to the men. Front row, second left: Enid Davis; fourth left: Gladys Gauntlett; first right: Ella Winterton; fourth right: Elsie Winterton. Second row, first left: Edward Deacon, Elsie's husband-to-be.
One issue frequently raised at these staff committee meetings was regarding the safety of girls or women in respect of the prevention of accidents. Minute SW/1.573/6(b) makes amusing reading highlighting as it does, the stereotypical thinking of the times:
Miss Brenan reported that it had come to her notice there was the mistaken belief on the part of some of those responsible for the engagement of women employees that heavily built young women were necessarily best suited for manual work. This is not the case and the fact should be borne in mind by all concerned, having regard to the risk of an individual sustaining injury in attempting to lift weights beyond her capabilities.
Another area concerning the 'safety' of the women raising sexual tensions was in respect of their being on their own with the men on night shifts. Minute SW/1,573/8(a) records the Company's anxieties:
... local officers should be required to exercise discretion in regard to the utilisation of women under the age of twenty (particularly those under the age of eighteen) so as to avoid, as far as possible, their employment on night work, especially when they would not be accompanied by other women on such duty.
Mrs Enid Saunders, then single and in her twenties, remembers such an incident:
This particular night no girl called in and I was there all night on my own with the men. Mr Shackles came up to me and said 'You're here all on your own young lady, are you nervous of the men?' Would you like another girl to come over?' and I said 'No, they're all perfect gentlemen, they don't harm me, they help me, help me with everything, and there's no problem.'
The Company's concerns regarding women's welfare could even change accepted working practices. This happened in the Swindon Works Telephone and Telegraph Exchange in the early 1920s. Mrs Vera Radway, then Vera Reeve, a young girl aged just sixteen years, still very a much a junior in terms of work experience and status, was rostered to work alone in the Exchange on a Sunday. This was standard practice until one day Mr Kelynack, the chief clerk, entered and asked to see 'the person in charge'. 'I am,' replied Vera. 'Don't talk like that Miss Reeve. Don't talk like that,' Mr Kelynack said. 'Well, I must be,' she responded. 'I'm the only one here.' 'We can't have that,' he said 'I'll have that stopped.' So the policy and practice were changed. After that, there were always two women rostered for work on a Sunday, a junior and a senior. This story was known of, and related to me, by several others who had worked in the Exchange at the time or a little later. When Vera was asked if she thought it was because Mr Kelynack did not think a junior would be capable enough, she replied: 'Oh no, he didn't think it was safe – safe for a girl or woman on her own, with the men coming round you see.' When asked: 'Did men come to the office often then?' Vera replied, 'No, hardly ever. They didn't have any need to come round there, except the night staff – two of them and they were disabled.' Here we can clearly see that, for the Company, the 'woman problem' was still problematic. Women were supposed to be cheaper labour, yet here, because of the Company's supposed concerns for their physical and moral welfare (although, no doubt, also wanting to ensure that business was being conducted properly by an appropriate person of appropriate status) they were costing the Company money, having to now pay for the two – rather than the one – on a Sunday shift. On this evidence it could be argued that the GWR took their responsibilities towards women employees very seriously, no matter the situation or circumstance.
War is a 'circumstance' that figures large in respect to women and the GWR; in fact war is a recurring theme, necessarily so as it played such a large role in shaping the working lives of railwaywomen. The twentieth century was shaped by war. It was, indeed, the first century of what historian Arthur Marwick calls 'total warfare'. Total warfare required the participation of previously under-represented groups such as older women and housewives and even young children, who became 'essential players' rather than 'sideline onlookers', when they found themselves part of the new and eventually conscripted workforce. In these times, the railways, too, became part of this new conscription. O.S. Nock described them as 'the weapon for total war'.
During the two world wars all women became more visible. They could be seen to be occupying work and public places in which they previously had no presence. The war years, although small in number, were massive in their impact on a catastrophic worldwide scale. Yet it is true that whilst war wrecks, plunders and destroys, it also creates, transforms and reconstructs, thus presenting life-changing opportunities in the face of adversity. It can be said, and many will argue its cause, that war created a 'window of opportunity' for women that altered their lives 'sometimes beyond recognition' and in so doing restructured their social status and identity. The call to war work was a welcome release for many women in both periods. They exchanged menial tasks, isolation, little or no free time, low wages and subservience for dangerous or demanding, yet seemingly exciting and patriotic work, with social camaraderie and a relatively high wage, as well a certain amount of independence. Women who worked on the railways during the wars experienced huge changes that 'turned their lives upside down' in both work and home terms and yet this time was described by most of the women interviewed as 'the best time of my life'. Little wonder as, for the first time, women were praised and valued in 'male terms'. Press and propaganda cried: 'She's a real woman doing a man's job.' Women were suddenly seen as adults. They had, to quote Collie Know, 'put away childish things and proceeded to astonish the world'. Such a quote highlights society's thinking regarding women.
(Continues...)
Excerpted from Women and the Great Western Railway by Rosa Matheson. Copyright © 2012 Rosa Matheson. Excerpted by permission of The History Press.
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Table of Contents
Contents
Dedication,Acknowledgements,
Introduction,
1 The GWR and Women,
2 Women in the Works,
3 Telegraph and Telephone Offices,
4 The Offices,
5 Wartime Workshops,
6 The Station,
7 The Signal Box,
8 Other Departments,
9 Distinctive Women,
10 Amongst the Staff,
Abbreviations and Terms,
Sources and Bibliography,