Table of Contents

The Writing Process
Why Write?     1
Using the Writing Process
Understanding Writing     7
Writing Is Discovering     8
The Process in Action     10
One Writer's Process     13
Student Model "Missile Madness"     29
Prewriting: Select a topic, gather details, form a thesis statement, and organize the essay     15
Writing: Develop your first draft     18
Revising: Improve the writing, use a peer response sheet, and focus on style     20
Editing: Check for conventions     26
Publishing: Share your writing     28
Assessing the Final Copy     31
Reflecting on Your Writing     32
Using a Rubric     33
Understanding Rubrics     34
Reading a Rubric     35
Getting Started with a Rubric     36
Revising and Editing with a Rubric     38
Assessing an Expository Essay     44
Understanding the Traits
Understanding the Traits of Writing     47
Understanding the Six Traits     48
Checklist for Effective Writing     50
Ideas     51
Developing the "Write" Attitude     52
Starting with a Strong Main Idea     54
Using Effective Supporting Details     56
Organization     59
Knowing the Patterns of Organization     61
Using Graphic Organizers     62
Understanding Coherence     64
Voice     67
Knowing Your Purpose     69
Identifying Your Audience     70
Understanding Diction     71
Word Choice     73
Understanding Word Connotation     78
Identifying Problems with Word Choice     79
Sentence Fluency     81
Varying Your Sentences     82
Sentence Combining and Expanding     83
Checking for Sentence Problems     86
Conventions     89
Quick Guide     90
Presentation     91
Designing Your Writing     92
Exploring the Writing Process
Prewriting     97
Selecting a Topic     98
Gathering Details     100
Organizing Your Details     104
Writing the First Draft     105
Writing the Beginning     107
Developing the Middle     108
Writing the Ending     112
Revising     113
Revising Checklist      117
Revising in Action     118
Peer Responding     121
Peer-Responding Guidelines     122
Using the Traits to Respond     124
Editing     127
Checklist for Editing and Proofreading     128
Errors to Watch For     130
Publishing     133
Preparing a Portfolio     136
Creating Your Own Web Site     139
The Forms of Writing
Narrative Writing
Writing a Personal Narrative     141
Student Model "The Wrong Club"     142
Prewriting: Select a topic and map your narrative     144
Writing: Create a beginning, a middle, and an ending     146
Revising: Use sensory details and improve your writing     147
Editing: Check your writing     149
Publishing: Share your writing     149
Rubric for Narrative Writing     150
Evaluating a Personal Narrative     152
Reflecting on Your Writing     154
Writing a Reflective Narrative     155
Student Model "Not Taken for Granted"     156
Prewriting: Select a topic and gather and organize details     158
Writing: Create your first draft     159
Revising: Improve your writing      160
Editing: Check for conventions     161
Publishing: Share your writing     161
Expository Writing
Writing an Informative Article     163
Expository Warm-Up and Paragraph     164
Understanding Your Goal     166
Student Model "Life on Ice"     167
Prewriting     169
Writing     175
Revising     181
Ideas: Include a variety of details and create a clear thesis statement     182
Organization: Choose the best order for paragraphs and create unity     184
Voice: Create an appropriate tone and level of language     186
Word Choice: Check for "trapped" verbs and handle unfamiliar terms     188
Sentence Fluency: Fix rambling sentences and sentence fragments     190
Revising Checklist     192
Editing     193
Conventions: Check for subject-verb and pronoun-antecedent agreement     194
Editing Checklist     196
Publishing     197
Rubric for Expository Writing     198
Evaluating an Informative Article     200
Reflecting on Your Writing     202
Writing a Comparison-Contrast Essay     203
Student Model "Cars of Today-and Tomorrow"      204
Writing Guidelines     206
Writing for Assessment: Responding to Expository Prompts     211
Writing Guidelines     212
Expository Writing on Tests     217
Persuasive Writing
Defending a Position     219
Persuasive Warm-Up and Paragraph     220
Understanding Your Goal     222
Student Model "Sanctions Won't Solve Political Problems"     223
Prewriting     225
Writing     231
Revising     237
Ideas: Develop solid support and answer an objection     238
Organization: Order reasons clearly and connect ideas in sentences     240
Voice: Convey your concern and fairness     242
Word Choice: Use technical terms and eliminate wordy intensifiers     244
Sentence Fluency: Create sentence rhythm and emphasize an important word     246
Revising Checklist     248
Editing     249
Conventions: Check for commonly misused pairs and correct use of numbers     250
Editing Checklist     252
Publishing     253
Rubric for Persuasive Writing     254
Evaluating a Persuasive Essay     256
Reflecting on Your Writing     258
Writing a Satire      259
Student Model "A Youth Recreation Center Would Be a Disaster"     260
Writing Guidelines     262
Writing for Assessment: Responding to Persuasive Prompts     267
Writing Guidelines     268
Persuasive Writing on Tests     273
Response to Literature
Analyzing a Theme     275
Response Warm-Up and Paragraph     276
Understanding Your Goal     278
Student Model "A Search for Harmony"     279
Prewriting     281
Writing     287
Revising     293
Ideas: Include only important details and add historical context     294
Organization: Ensure a good beginning and ending     296
Voice: Sound engaging and use adjectives that show the writer's personality     298
Word Choice: Understand figurative language and reflect the author's word choice     300
Sentence Fluency: Use a variety of types and beginnings     302
Revising Checklist     304
Editing     305
Conventions: Form comparative adjectives and know when to hyphenate compound adjectives     306
Editing Checklist     308
Publishing     309
Rubric for a Response to Literature     310
Evaluating a Response to Literature     312
Reflecting on Your Writing     314
Analyzing a Poem     315
Sample Poem: "I Am the People, the Mob"     316
Student Model "Identifying with the Masses"     317
Writing Guidelines     319
Writing for Assessment: Responding to Prompts About Literature     323
Writing Guidelines     324
Respond to a Fiction Prompt     326
Student Model "Storm Clouds in Paradise"     328
Respond to a Nonfiction Prompt     332
Student Model "Gaining Independence"     334
Responding to Literature on Tests     339
Creative Writing
Writing Stories     341
The Shape of Stories     342
Student Model "Small Steps"     343
Prewriting: Plan your writing     346
Writing: Create your first draft     348
Revising and Editing: Checklists     349
Elements of Fiction     350
Writing Plays     351
Student Model "The Test"     352
Prewriting: Create a protagonist, choose a conflict, decide on a tone, select a setting, and map your plot     355
Writing: Create your first draft     358
Revising and Editing: Checklists      359
Sample Advertising Script     360
Writing Poetry     361
Student Model "Window and Doors"     362
Prewriting: Choose a topic and gather images     363
Writing: Use rhythm and line breaks     364
Revising, Editing, and Publishing     365
Writing a Bouts-Rimes Verse     366
Writing Quatrains     367
Using Special Poetry Techniques     368
Research Writing
Research Skills     371
Primary vs. Secondary Sources     372
Evaluating Sources of Information     373
Using the Internet     374
Using the Library     375
Using Reference Books     378
MLA Research Paper     383
Title Page and Outline     384
Student Model "Meeting the Needs of the Future"     385
Prewriting: Select a topic, use a gathering grid, create note cards, avoid plagiarism, keep track of sources, write a thesis statement, and outline ideas     393
Writing: Start your paper, develop the middle part, end your paper, and create a works-cited page     402
Revising: Improve your writing and use a checklist     408
Editing: Check for conventions and use a checklist     412
Publishing: Share your report      416
Writing Responsibly     417
Using Sources     418
Avoiding Plagiarism     419
Writing Paraphrases     422
Using Quoted Material     424
Documenting Research     425
Guidelines and Models for In-Text Citations     426
MLA Works-Cited List     429
APA Reference List     437
Making Oral Presentations     439
Planning Your Presentation     440
Creating Note Cards     442
Considering Visual Aids     444
Practicing Your Speech     445
Delivering Your Presentation     446
Evaluating a Presentation     447
Preparing a Multimedia Report     448
Multimedia Report Traits Checklist     449
Writing Across the Curriculum
Writing in Science     451
Taking Classroom Notes     452
Taking Reading Notes     453
Keeping a Learning Log     454
Writing Guidelines: Cause-Effect Essay     456
Student Model "Balancing Nature"     457
Writing Guidelines: Procedure Document     459
Student Model "Safety Precautions for Pool Cleaning"     460
Response to an Expository Prompt "      461
Student Model "Salmonellosis"     462
Writing in Social Studies     463
Taking Classroom Notes     464
Keeping a Learning Log     465
Writing Guidelines: Biographical Essay     466
Student Model "Elizabeth Cady Stanton"     467
Writing Guidelines: Response to an Editorial Cartoon     468
Student Model "Ignoring the Call of the Wild"     469
Writing Guidelines: Document-Based Essay     470
Sample Documents     471
Student Model "The High Cost of Health Care"     475
Writing in Math     477
Taking Classroom Notes     478
Keeping a Learning Log     479
Writing Guidelines: Analysis of a Comparison Problem     480
Student Model Sample Analysis     481
Writing Guidelines: Persuasive Essay     482
Student Model "It All Adds Up to Yes"     483
Writing Guidelines: Respond to a Math Prompt     484
Student Model Sample Response     485
Other Forms of Writing in Math     486
Writing in the Applied Sciences     487
Taking Classroom Notes     488
Keeping a Learning Log     489
Writing Guidelines: Classification Essay      490
Student Model "Windows on the World"     491
Writing Guidelines: Restaurant Review     492
Student Model "Feed Mill Offers Old-Time Flavor"     493
Writing Guidelines: Response to a Prompt     494
Student Model "Real Baby Care"     495
Other Forms of Practical Writing     496
Writing in the Arts     497
Taking Classroom Notes     498
Keeping a Learning Log     499
Writing Guidelines: Research Report     500
Student Model "Frida Kahlo"     501
Writing Guidelines: Performance Review     503
Student Model "Lima Beans Jazz It Up!"     504
Writing Guidelines: Response to an Art Prompt     505
Student Model Sample Response     506
Writing in the Workplace     507
Parts of a Business Letter     508
Student Models Sample Letters     509
Writing Guidelines: Short Report     512
Student Model Sample Report     513
Writing Guidelines: Proposal     514
Student Model Sample Proposal     515
Writing Guidelines: Memo     516
Student Model Sample Memo     517
Writing Guidelines: E-Mail Messages     518
Student Model Sample E-Mail Message     519
Writing Guidelines: Brochure     520
Student Model "Rossi's Italian Bakery"     521
The Tools of Learning
Listening and Speaking     523
Listening in Class     524
Speaking in Class     525
Taking Notes     527
Taking Classroom Notes     528
Taking Reading Notes     531
Taking Meeting Minutes     532
Critical Reading     533
Critical Reading: SQ3R     534
Before You Read     535
As You Read     537
After You Read     538
Reading Fiction     539
Reading Poetry     541
Summarizing and Paraphrasing     543
Sample Article and Summary     544
Guidelines for Summarizing     546
Strategies for Paraphrasing     548
Sample Paragraphs and Paraphrases     549
Taking Tests     551
Preparing for a Test     552
Test-Taking Tips     553
Taking Objective Tests     554
Taking Essay Tests     556
Taking Standardized Tests     560
Taking Exit and Entrance Exams     561
Answering Questions About Conventions     562
Answering Sentence-Revision Questions     564
Answering Paragraph-Revision Questions     566
Answering Editing Questions     568
Reviewing a Prompt and Response     570
Responding to Prompts About Literature     572
Budgeting Time for On-Demand Writing     575
A Writer's Resource
Basic Paragraph Skills     577
The Parts of a Paragraph     578
Types of Paragraphs     580
Narrative
Descriptive
Expository
Persuasive
Patterns of Organization     584
Classification
Comparison-Contrast
Cause-Effect
Process
Logical Order
Basic Essay Skills     589
Understanding the Basic Parts     590
Outlining Your Ideas     591
Writing Thesis Statements     592
Creating Great Beginnings     593
Developing the Middle Part     594
Using Transitions     595
Shaping Great Endings     597
Learning Key Writing Terms     598
Using Writing Techniques     600
Knowing the Different Forms     602
Proofreader's Guide
Marking Punctuation     605
Period, Exclamation Point     605
Question Mark      606
Comma     608
Semicolon     618
Colon     620
Hyphen     624
Apostrophe     628
Quotation Marks     632
Italics (Underlining)     636
Parentheses, Diagonal     638
Dash     640
Ellipsis     642
Brackets     644
Checking Mechanics     648
Capitalization     648
Plurals     654
Numbers     658
Abbreviations     660
Spelling Rules     664
Understanding Idioms     672
Using the Right Word     678
Parts of Speech     700
Noun     701
Pronoun     704
Verb     714
Adjective     728
Adverb     730
Preposition     732
Conjunction, Interjection     734
Understanding Sentences     738
Constructing Sentences     738
Using Sentence Variety     746
Getting Sentence Parts to Agree     752
Diagramming Sentences     760