Table of Contents
Foreword ix
Acknowledgments xi
Introduction xiii
Mathematics
1 Powers and Scientific Notation 3
Powers Notation 3
Scientific Notation 6
2 Dimensional Analysis 11
3 Rounding and Estimating 19
Rounding 19
Estimating 23
4 Solving for the Unknown Value 41
Equations Using Multiplication and Division 42
Equations Using Addition and Subtraction 46
5 Ratios and Proportions 49
Practical Applications 51
6 Averages 57
7 Percent 59
8 Linear Measurements 65
9 Area Measurements 69
Area of a Rectangle 70
Area of a Triangle 73
Area of a Circle 74
10 Volume Measurements 79
Rectangles, Triangles, and Circles 80
Cones and Spheres 84
11 Conversions 87
Conversion Tables 87
Box Method 88
Conversions of US Customary Units 90
Temperature Conversions 113
12 Graphs and Tables 117
Graphs 117
Tables 148
13 Per Capita Water Use 153
14 Domestic Water Use Based on Household Fixture Rates 155
15 Water Use per Unit of Industrial Product Produced 163
16 Average Daily Flow 167
17 Surface Overflow Rate 173
18 Weir Overflow Rate 177
19 Filter Loading Rate 181
20 Filter Backwash Rate 185
21 Mudball Calculation 189
22 Detention Time 191
23 Well Problems 195
Well Yield 195
Drawdown 197
Specific Capacity 199
Hydraulics
1 Density and Specific Gravity 203
Density 203
Specific Gravity 206
2 Pressure and Force 213
Pressure 213
Force 221
3 Piezometric Surface and Hydraulic Grade Line 225
Piezometric Surface 225
Hydraulic Grade Line 228
4 Head 237
Types of Head 237
Calculating Heads 240
5 Head Loss 247
Friction Head Loss 247
Minor Head Loss 258
6 Pumping Problems 263
Pumping Rates 263
Pump Heads 270
Horsepower and Efficiency 280
Reading Pump Curves 297
7 Flow Rate Problems 305
Instantaneous Flow Rate Calculations 305
Flow-Measuring Devices 318
8 Thrust Control 337
Thrust Block Calculations 339
Thrust Anchor Calculations 343
Chemistry
1 The Structure of Matter 351
Atomic Structure 351
The Periodic Table 353
2 The Classification of Matter 355
Pure Elements 355
Compounds 356
Mixtures 357
3 Valence, Chemical Formulas, and Chemical Equations 359
Valence 359
Chemical Formulas and Equations 362
4 Solutions 379
Milligrams per Liter and Grains per Gallon 380
Percent Strength 380
Moles and Molarity 387
Equivalent Weights and Normality 391
Hardness 393
Nitrogen Compounds 397
Standard Solutions 399
5 Acids, Bases, and Salts 403
Acids 403
Bases 404
Salts 405
pH 405
Alkalinity 406
6 Chemistry of Treatment Processes 409
Taste-and-Odor Removal 409
Coagulation 413
Iron and Manganese Removal 416
Lime-Soda Ash Softening 418
Recarbonation 421
Ion Exchange Softening 422
Scaling and Corrosion Control 424
Chlorination 430
7 Chemical Dosage Problems 439
Milligrams-per-Liter to Pounds-per-Day Conversions 439
Milligrams-per-Liter to Percent Conversions 447
Feed Rate Conversions 450
Calculations for Chlorine Dosage, Demand, Residual, and Contact Time 451
Lime-Soda Ash Softening Calculations 454
Recarbonation Calculations 476
Ion Exchange Softening Calculations 478
Fluoridation Calculations 483
Electricity
1 Electricity, Magnetism, and Electrical Measurements 493
Electricity and Magnetism 493
Electrical Measurements and Equipment 495
2 Electrical Quantities and Terms 499
3 Functions and Ratings of Electrical Equipment 519
Functions of Electrical Equipment 519
Rating Electrical Materials and Equipment 546
Glossary 555
Appendixes
A Conversion Tables 573
B Periodic Table and List of Elements 595
C Chemical Equations and Compounds Common in Water Treatment 603
Chemical Equations Common in Water Treatment 603
D Algae Color Plates 607
Index 617
