FDR's 12 Apostles: The Spies Who Paved the Way for the Invasion of North Africa

Nineteen months before the attack on Pearl Harbor, FDR sent twelve "vice
consuls" to Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia on a secret mission. Their objective? To prepare the groundwork for what eventually became Operation TORCH, the Allied invasion of North Africa that repelled the Nazis and also enabled the liberation of Italy. This spy network included an ex-Cartier jewel salesman and wine merchant, a madcap Harvard anthropologist, a Parisian playboy who ran with Hemingway, ex-French Foreign Le...