| Introduction | xi |
Part I | Human Factors | 1 |
1 | Judgment and Decision-Making | 3 |
| Principles of Good Judgment and Decision-Making | 3 |
| Good Judgment and Decision-Making in Practice | 4 |
| Influences That Affect Judgment | 7 |
| Hazardous Thought Patterns Exercise | 10 |
| References | 28 |
2 | Accurate Situation Assessment Leads to Good Situation Awareness | 29 |
Phase 1 | Recognition | 30 |
Phase 2 | Evaluation | 30 |
| Situation Awareness through Monitoring and Challenging | 31 |
| Airborne Express DC-8--Breakdown in Situation Awareness | 34 |
| References | 36 |
3 | Crew Resource Management: The Integration of Interpersonal Skills and Technical Proficiency | 37 |
| Interpersonal Communication | 38 |
| Crew Effectiveness | 38 |
| Reference | 40 |
4 | Spatial Disorientation | 41 |
| Senses and Spatial Orientation | 42 |
| Visual and Vestibular Senses | 43 |
| Sensory Illusions | 45 |
| Types of Spatial Disorientation | 53 |
| Prevention | 54 |
| References | 55 |
| Part I Case Studies | 57 |
Case Study I-1 | American Airlines Flight 1420 | 57 |
Case Study I-2 | TWA Flight 843 | 62 |
Case Study I-3 | Korean Air Flight 801 | 69 |
Case Study I-4 | Northwest Airlink Flight 5719 | 83 |
Case Study I-5 | Avianca Flight 052 | 90 |
Case Study I-6 | American Eagle Flight 3379 | 107 |
Case Study I-7 | John F. Kennedy, Jr. | 112 |
Case Study I-8 | Delta Airlines Flight 106 | 122 |
International Case Study I-9 | Singapore Airlines Flight 006 | 125 |
Historical Case Study I-10 | Eastern Airlines Flight 401 | 134 |
Part II | Runway Incursions | 141 |
| Runway Incursion Severity Categories | 145 |
| Reported Runway Incursions by Severity | 145 |
| Distribution by Aircraft Type and Combination | 145 |
| Conclusions | 145 |
| References | 146 |
| Part II Case Studies | 147 |
Case Study II-1 | USAir Flight 1493 and Skywest Flight 5569 | 147 |
Case Study II-2 | TWA Flight 427 and a Cessna 441 | 157 |
Case Study II-3 | United Express 5925 and a Beechcraft King Air A90 | 166 |
Case Study II-4 | Northwest Flights 1482 and 299 | 177 |
Case Study II-5 | Eastern Flight 111 and a Beechcraft King Air 100 | 187 |
Historical-International Case Study II-6 | Pan American Flight 1736 and KLM Flight 4805 | 199 |
Part III | Weather | 211 |
5 | Air Masses and Fronts | 213 |
| Air Masses | 213 |
| Fronts | 214 |
| Frontal Waves | 216 |
| Occlusions | 217 |
| References | 218 |
6 | Cloud Formation | 219 |
| Low Clouds | 219 |
| Middle Clouds | 220 |
| High Clouds | 221 |
| Extensive Vertical Development | 222 |
| Special Cloud Types | 222 |
| References | 223 |
7 | Thunderstorms | 225 |
| Unstable Air | 225 |
| Lifting Action | 225 |
| Moisture | 226 |
| Life Cycle of a Thunderstorm Cell | 226 |
| Types of Thunderstorms | 228 |
| Meteorological Observations | 229 |
| Aircraft Performance in Heavy Rain | 230 |
| References | 232 |
8 | Downbursts and Low-Level Windshear | 233 |
| Macrobursts | 233 |
| Microbursts | 234 |
| Types of Microbursts | 234 |
| Types of Parent Clouds | 236 |
| Temperature Parameters | 237 |
| Low-Level Windshear | 238 |
| Indicators of Windshear | 239 |
| References | 240 |
9 | Icing Conditions | 241 |
| Stratiform Clouds | 241 |
| Cumuliform Clouds | 241 |
| Cirriform Clouds | 242 |
| Structural Icing | 242 |
| Ice Formation on Fixed-Wing Aircraft | 247 |
| Frontal Zones | 250 |
| Induction Icing | 251 |
| References | 253 |
10 | Turbulence | 255 |
| Convective Turbulence | 255 |
| Mechanical Turbulence | 256 |
| Mountain Range Turbulence | 256 |
| Mountain Wave Turbulence | 257 |
| Turbulence in Narrow Canyons and Gorges | 258 |
| Flying Guidelines around a Mountain Wave | 261 |
| Clear-Air Turbulence | 262 |
| References | 262 |
11 | Wake-Vortex Turbulence | 265 |
| Wake-Vortex Motion | 265 |
| Atmospheric Factors | 267 |
| Flying Guidelines | 268 |
| Wake-Vortex Research | 269 |
| Boeing 757 Safety Concern | 270 |
| Wake-Vortex Accidents | 270 |
| References | 276 |
| Part III Case Studies | 277 |
Case Study III-1 | USAir Flight 1016 | 277 |
Case Study III-2 | American Eagle Flight 4184 | 288 |
Case Study III-3 | Delta Airlines Flight 191 | 295 |
Case Study III-4 | USAir Flight 405 | 305 |
International Case Study III-5 | China Airlines Flight CI-012 | 314 |
Historical Case Study III-6 | Southern Airways Flight 242 | 322 |
Part IV | Mid-Air Collisions | 343 |
| Reference | 344 |
12 | Mid-Air Collision Avoidance: From See-and-Avoid to Search-and-Detect | 345 |
| Eye-Brain Connection | 347 |
| Eye Movement | 348 |
| Distant Visual Acuity | 349 |
| Cockpit Creates Monocular Visual Areas | 352 |
| Effective Scanning Based on Sectors | 353 |
| Enhancing Visual Skills | 354 |
| References | 356 |
| Part IV Case Studies | 359 |
Case Study IV-1 | A Cessna 340 and a North American T-6 | 359 |
Case Study IV-2 | A Cessna Citation and a Cessna 172 | 365 |
Case Study IV-3 | Aeromexico Flight 498 and a Piper Cherokee | 368 |
Case Study IV-4 | A U.S. Army U-21 and a Piper Navajo | 373 |
Case Study IV-5 | A Mitsubishi MU-2 and a Piper Saratoga | 380 |
Historical Case Study IV-6 | PSA Flight 182 and a Cessna 172 | 389 |
Part V | Mechanical and Maintenance | 397 |
| Part V Case Studies | 399 |
Case Study V-1 | TWA Flight 800 | 399 |
Case Study V-2 | United Flight 585, USAir Flight 427, Eastwind Flight 517--A Compilation of Uncommanded Rudder Events in B-737 Aircraft | 415 |
Case Study V-3 | ValuJet Flight 592 | 424 |
Case Study V-4 | Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 2311 | 436 |
Case Study V-5 | United Airlines Flight 232 | 445 |
International Case Study V-6 | Air France Flight 4590 | 456 |
Historical Case Study V-7 | American Airlines Flight 191 | 458 |
| Index | 465 |